“Cara-a-cara con el Caracara”: una propuesta para reconectar a las personas con la naturaleza a través de la observación de aves

J. Cristóbal Pizarro; Jaime Rau; Christopher B. Anderson

doi:10.56178/eh.v32i1.539

Articles Published 01 August 2017 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i1.539

“Face-to-face with the Caracara”: a proposal to reconnect people and nature using birding

biocultural conservation birding Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve Chimango Caracara environmental education ethno-ornitology Milvago chimango social functions socio-ornithology sub-antarctic ecoregion

J. Cristóbal Pizarro Departamento de Manejo de Bosque y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción. Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile

Jaime Rau Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos. Campus Osorno, Casilla 933, Osorno, Chile

Christopher B. Anderson Centro Austral de Investigación Científica, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CADIC-CONICET). Bernardo Houssay 200, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina | Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego. Onas 450, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Abstract

Outdoor recreational practices reflect the diverse ways of living together with biodiversity. One of these practices, birdwatching or birding, has gained world-wide popularity, favouring the socializing of people and nature through birds. Birding also can promote an ethical relationship with birds, people and their culture. In this work, we present “biocultural birding” as a theoretical–practical proposal to enrich birding ethics using ecological and cultural narratives associated with birds in an observation–reflection cycle. We integrate interdisciplinary research with metaphor composition and guided birdwatching activities in Puerto Williams, Chile. The Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) is capable of linking ecological and social systems in the Southern Cone. We communicate these findings using the metaphors “marine-terrestrial link” and “face-to-face with the caracara”, which we constructed based on ecological research and Emmanuel Lévinas’ expression “face-to-face”. Using the criteria of referential, social, environmental and sustainability adequacy, we evaluated how these metaphors bring together participants and birds, their ecosystems and the cultures in which they participate. We recommend to adapt this proposal with other birds and contexts, as a way to diversify human–nature relationships and promote respect for birds and cultures in socio-ecological systems.

PDF (Spanish)

References

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AMERICAN BIRDING ASSOCIATION (2016) AmericanBirding Association code of birding ethics. AmericanBirding Association, Delaware (URL: http://www.aba.org/about/ethics.html)
ANDERSON CB, LIKENS G, ROZZI R, GUTIÉRREZ J,ARMESTO JJ Y POOLE A (2008) Integrating science andsociety through long-term socio-ecological research.Environmental Ethics 30:295–312
ANDERSON CB, PIZARRO JC, ESTÉVEZ RA, SAPOZNIKOWA, PAUCHARD A, BARBOSA O, MOREIRA-MUÑOZ A,VALENZUELA AEJ (2015) ¿Estamos avanzando hacíauna socio-ecología? Reflexiones sobre la integraciónde las dimensiones “humanas” en la ecología en elsur de América. Ecología Austral 25:263–272
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ARANGO N, CHAVES ME Y FEINSINGER P (2009) Princi-pios y práctica de la enseñanza de ecología en el patio dela escuela. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Fun-dación Senda Darwin, Santiago
BIONDI LM, BÓ MS Y VASSALLO AI (2008) Experimentalassessment of problem solving by Milvago chimango(Aves: Falconiformes). Journal of Ethology 26:113–118
BLUNT A (2007) Cultural geographies of migration:mobility, transnationality and diaspora. Progress inHuman Geography 31:684–694
BONTA M (2010) Ornithophilia: thoughts on geogra-phy in birding. Geographical Review 100:139–150
BOXALL P Y MCFARLANE B (1993) Human dimensionsof Christmas Bird Counts: implications for non-consumptive wildlife recreation programs. WildlifeSociety Bulletin 21:390–396
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DAV Y BJ (2007) An other face of ethics in Levinas.Ethics and the Environment 12:39–66
D’ORANGEVILLE L, BOUCHARD A Y COGLIASTRO A (2008)Post-agricultural forests: landscape patterns add tostand-scale factors in causing insufficient hardwoodregeneration. Forest Ecology and Management255:1637–1646
DUARTEDE MORAES LF, CAMPELLO EFC Y FRANCO AA(2010) Forest restoration: from the diagnostic ofdegradation to the selection of ecological indicatorsto the monitoring of activities. Oecologia Australis14:437–451
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EUBANKS TL JR, TOLL JR Y DITTON RB (2004) Under-standing the diversity of eight birder characteris-tics, motivations, expenditures and net benefits.Journal of Ecology 3:151–172
FEINSINGER P (2013) Metodologías de investigación enecología aplicada y básica: ¿cuál estoy siguiendo ypor qué? Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86:385–402
FIGUEROA RA (2015) El rapaz olvidado. ¿Por qué haytan pocos estudios sobre la historia natural yecología básica del tiuque (Milvago chimango) enChile? Boletín Chileno de Ornitología 21:103–118
GIBSON RB (2006) Sustainability assessment: basiccomponents of a practical approach. Impact Assess-ment and Project Appraisal 24:170–182
GREENWOOD JJD (2007) Citizens, science and bird con-servation. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl):77–124
GREGSON R (2013) Green birding. How to see more birdsand protect the environment at the same time. Stackpole,Mecanicsburg
GUSINDE M (1982) Los indios de la Tierra del Fuego. Losselk’nam. Volumen I. Centro Argentino de Etnología,Buenos Aires
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HOVARDAS T Y POIRAZIDIS K (2006) Evaluation of theenvironmentalist dimension of ecotourism at theDadia Forest Reserve (Greece). Environment Man-agement 38:810–822
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J. Cristóbal Pizarro, Jaime Rau, Christopher B. Anderson (2017). “Face-to-face with the Caracara”: a proposal to reconnect people and nature using birding. El Hornero, Vol. 32 No. 1 (2017), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i1.539

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[1] VA N AERT P (2013) Tierra del Fuego. Pp. 195–208 en:BALDACCHINO G (ed) Political economy of dividedislands. Unified geographies, multiple polities. PalgraveMacmillan, Londres

[2] AILLAPÁN L Y ROZZI R (2004) Una etno-ornitologíamapuche contemporánea: poemas alados de losbosques nativos de Chile. Ornitología Neotropical15:419–434

[3] AMERICAN BIRDING ASSOCIATION (2016) AmericanBirding Association code of birding ethics. AmericanBirding Association, Delaware (URL: http://www.aba.org/about/ethics.html)

[4] ANDERSON CB, LIKENS G, ROZZI R, GUTIÉRREZ J,ARMESTO JJ Y POOLE A (2008) Integrating science andsociety through long-term socio-ecological research.Environmental Ethics 30:295–312

[5] ANDERSON CB, PIZARRO JC, ESTÉVEZ RA, SAPOZNIKOWA, PAUCHARD A, BARBOSA O, MOREIRA-MUÑOZ A,VALENZUELA AEJ (2015) ¿Estamos avanzando hacíauna socio-ecología? Reflexiones sobre la integraciónde las dimensiones “humanas” en la ecología en elsur de América. Ecología Austral 25:263–272

[6] ANGELO H (2013) Bird in hand: how experience makesnature. Theory and Society 42:351–368

[7] ARANGO N, CHAVES ME Y FEINSINGER P (2009) Princi-pios y práctica de la enseñanza de ecología en el patio dela escuela. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Fun-dación Senda Darwin, Santiago

[8] BIONDI LM, BÓ MS Y VASSALLO AI (2008) Experimentalassessment of problem solving by Milvago chimango(Aves: Falconiformes). Journal of Ethology 26:113–118

[9] BLUNT A (2007) Cultural geographies of migration:mobility, transnationality and diaspora. Progress inHuman Geography 31:684–694

[10] BONTA M (2010) Ornithophilia: thoughts on geogra-phy in birding. Geographical Review 100:139–150

[11] BOXALL P Y MCFARLANE B (1993) Human dimensionsof Christmas Bird Counts: implications for non-consumptive wildlife recreation programs. WildlifeSociety Bulletin 21:390–396

[12] BRAÑEZ CE (2003) Cuerpo... territorio e historia: laterritorialización de los Ava-Guaraníes andino-chaqueños en el corazón físico y moral de laChiriguanía. Anales de la Reunión Anual de Etnología17:305–320

[13] CADOGAN L (2007) Mil apellidos guaraníes: aporte parael estudio de la onomástica paraguaya. Segunda edi-ción. Editorial Tiempo de Historia, AsunciónCALLICOTT JB (1995) Intrinsic value in nature: ametaethical analysis. Electronic Journal of AnalyticPhilosophy 3:art5

[14] CARVER E (2013) Birding in the United States: a demo-graphic and economic analysis. Addendum to the 2011national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associ-ated recreation. US Fish and Wildlife Service,Arlington

[15] DAV Y BJ (2007) An other face of ethics in Levinas.Ethics and the Environment 12:39–66

[16] D’ORANGEVILLE L, BOUCHARD A Y COGLIASTRO A (2008)Post-agricultural forests: landscape patterns add tostand-scale factors in causing insufficient hardwoodregeneration. Forest Ecology and Management255:1637–1646

[17] DUARTEDE MORAES LF, CAMPELLO EFC Y FRANCO AA(2010) Forest restoration: from the diagnostic ofdegradation to the selection of ecological indicatorsto the monitoring of activities. Oecologia Australis14:437–451

[18] EMPERAIRE J (1963) Los nómades del mar. Ediciones dela Universidad de Chile, Santiago

[19] EUBANKS TL JR, TOLL JR Y DITTON RB (2004) Under-standing the diversity of eight birder characteris-tics, motivations, expenditures and net benefits.Journal of Ecology 3:151–172

[20] FEINSINGER P (2013) Metodologías de investigación enecología aplicada y básica: ¿cuál estoy siguiendo ypor qué? Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86:385–402

[21] FIGUEROA RA (2015) El rapaz olvidado. ¿Por qué haytan pocos estudios sobre la historia natural yecología básica del tiuque (Milvago chimango) enChile? Boletín Chileno de Ornitología 21:103–118

[22] GIBSON RB (2006) Sustainability assessment: basiccomponents of a practical approach. Impact Assess-ment and Project Appraisal 24:170–182

[23] GREENWOOD JJD (2007) Citizens, science and bird con-servation. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl):77–124

[24] GREGSON R (2013) Green birding. How to see more birdsand protect the environment at the same time. Stackpole,Mecanicsburg

[25] GUSINDE M (1982) Los indios de la Tierra del Fuego. Losselk’nam. Volumen I. Centro Argentino de Etnología,Buenos Aires

[26] HARRÉ R, BROCKMEIER J Y MÜHLHÄUSLER P (1999)Greenspeak. A study of environmental discourse. Sage,Thousand OaksHINCHLIFFE S (2007) Geographies of nature: societies, en-vironments, ecologies. Sage, Londres

[27] HOUSSE RRP (1934) Monografía del tiuque. Milvago(Milano vago) chimango (Azara). Poliborus (muy glo-tón) chimango (Vieillot). Revista Chilena de HistoriaNatural 38:49–53

[28] HOVARDAS T Y POIRAZIDIS K (2006) Evaluation of theenvironmentalist dimension of ecotourism at theDadia Forest Reserve (Greece). Environment Man-agement 38:810–822

[29] IBARRA JT, BARREAU A, MASSARDO F Y ROZZI R (2012) ElCóndor Andino: una especie biocultural clave delpaisaje sudamericano. Boletín Chileno de Ornitología18:1–22

[30] IBARRA JT Y PIZARRO JC (2016) Hacia una etno-ornitología interdisciplinaria, intercultural eintergeneracional para la conservación biocultural.Revista Chilena de Ornitología 22:1–6

[31] IBARRA JT, ROZZI R, GILABERT H, ANDERSON CB,MCGEHEE SM Y BONACIC C (2009) Seasonal dynam-ics and distribution patterns of birds associated tosub-Antarctic wetlands in the Cape Horn BiosphereReserve (54–55 degrees S), Chile. OrnitologíaNeotropical 20:321–337

[32] IPPI S, ANDERSON CB, ROZZI R Y ELPHICK C (2009)Annual variation of abundance and composition inforest bird assemblages on Navarino Island,Ckytape Horn biosphere reserve, Chile. OrnitologíaNeotropical 20:231–245

[33] KELLER C (1972) Mitos y leyendas de Chile. Editorial Jeró-nimo de Vivar, Santiago

[34] KRÜGER O (2005) The role of ecotourism in conserva-tion: panacea or Pandora’s box? Biodiversity andConservation 14:579–600

[35] LAIRD SA, AWUNG GL, LYSINGE RJ Y NDIVE LE (2011)The interweave of people and place: bioculturaldiversity in migrant and indigenous livelihoodsaround Mount Cameroon. International ForestryReview 13:275–293

[36] LARSON BMH (2011) Metaphors for environmentalsustainability. Redefining our relationships with nature.Yale University Press, Londres

[37] LÉVINAS E (1974) Humanismo del otro hombre. Siglo XXI,Madrid

[38] LEWIS SL Y MASLIN MA (2015) Defining the Anthropo-cene. Nature 519:171–180

[39] MADROÑO A (2016) Las vocalizaciones de las avescomo herramienta de documentación del conoci-miento tradicional indígena ache en el bosque atlán-tico de Paraguay. Revista Chilena de Ornitología 22:89–106

[40] MAFFI L (2005) Linguistic, cultural, and biological di-versity. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:599–617

[41] MARTICORENA FL (2009) A pura memoria: conocimientosy significados de la naturaleza en las localidades de Melinkay Repollal, litoral norte de la región de Aysén. Tesis delicenciatura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia

[42] MARTÍNEZ-MAURI M (2016) Etno-ornitología y giroontológico: reflexiones en torno al estudio etnográ-fico y ornitológico en Gunayala (Panamá). RevistaChilena de Ornitología 22:79–88

[43] MARTÍNEZ-SALINAS A, DECLERCK F, VIERLING K,VIERLING L, LEGAL L, VÍLCHEZ-MENDOZA S Y AVELINOJ (2016) Bird functional diversity supports pest con-trol services in a Costa Rican coffee farm. Agricul-ture, Ecosystems and Environment 235:277–288

[44] MARTINIC M (2005) Crónica de las tierra del sur del canalBeagle. Editorial Hotel Lakutaia, Punta Arenas

[45] MARZLUFF J Y ANGELL T (2005) Cultural coevolution:how the human bond with crows and ravensextends theory and raises new questions. Journal ofEcological Anthropology 9:69–75

[46] MAZUMDAR S Y MAZUMDAR S (2012) Immigrant homegardens: places of religion, culture, ecology, andfamily. Landscape and Urban Planning 105:258–265

[47] MCFARLANE B (1994) Specialization and motivationsof birdwatchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:361–370

[48] MEDRANO C Y ROSSO C (2016) El ñandú común (Rheaamericana): ¿una especie etnobiológica clave para losqom del Gran Chaco argentino? Revista Chilena deOrnitología 22:51–63

[49] MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2005) Ecosystemsand human well-being: synthesis. Island Press,Washington DC

[50] MILLER JR (2005) Biodiversity conservation and theextinction of experience. Trends in Ecology and Evo-lution 20:430–434

[51] MOLINA R (2010) Habitante subantártico. Primera sesiónCosta Austral. Fondo Nacional para las Artes y laCultura, Ministerio de Cultura, Santiago

[52] MOLLER H Y KITSON J (2009) Knowing by doing: learn-ing for sustainable muttonbird harvesting. New Zea-land Journal of Zoology 36:243–258

[53] MORALES AYMA E, BARLOW M, SHIVA V Y BIGGS S (2011)The rights of nature, The case for a universal declarationon the rights of Mother Earth. The Council of Canadians,Fundación Pachamama and Global Exchange, Ottawa

[54] MORENO MI (2010) Lo que todo magallánico debe saberVI. Radio Polar, Punta Arenas (URL: http://www.radiopolar.com/noticia_23474.html)

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