Asociación de la Escúa Parda (Stercorarius antarcticus) y la Escúa Común (Stercorarius chilensis) con operaciones de pesca en el Mar Argentino

Juan Pablo Seco Pon; Leandro Tamini; Nahuel Chavez; Sofía Copello

doi:10.56178/eh.v32i2.507

Artículos Publicado 01 diciembre 2017 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i2.507

Asociación de la Escúa Parda (Stercorarius antarcticus) y la Escúa Común (Stercorarius chilensis) con operaciones de pesca en el Mar Argentino

buques arrastreros de altura Escúa Común Escúa Parda Mar Argentino Stercorarius antarcticus Stercorarius chilensis

Juan Pablo Seco Pon Grupo Vertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET y Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Funes 3250, B7602AYJ Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Leandro Tamini Albatross Task Force Argentina, Aves Argentinas/BirdLife International. Buenos Aires, Argentina

Nahuel Chavez Albatross Task Force Argentina, Aves Argentinas/BirdLife International. Buenos Aires, Argentina

Sofía Copello Grupo Vertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET y Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Funes 3250, B7602AYJ Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen

La Escúa Parda (Stercorarius antarcticus) y la Escúa Común (Stercorarius chilensis) se reproducen en el sur de América del Sur: la primera en la costa de Argentina, incluyendo las Islas Malvinas y Georgias del Sur, y la segunda en el sur de Argentina y Chile. Sin embargo, la información sobre su distribución en la Plataforma Continental Argentina es escasa y se limita a unas pocas observaciones obtenidas principalmente en los golfos norpatagónicos y en las Islas Malvinas. Prácticamente no existe información para otras áreas como la plataforma continental, la zona del talud y el talud continental. En este trabajo se reportan avistajes de ambas especies obtenidos en el marco de proyectos de evaluación de la interacción entre pesquerías de arrastre de altura y aves marinas en aguas argentinas. Las observaciones se realizaron durante todas las estaciones en un lapso de siete años (2008–2014). Los registros proveen información novedosa acerca de la ocurrencia y abundancia de estas especies de escúas para un amplio rango latitudinal en el Mar Argentino que es también un área de operación de flotas pesqueras de arrastre, principalmente de merluza (Merluccius hubbsi).

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Referencias

ANDERSON ORJ, PHILLIPS RA, SHORE RF, MCGILL RAR,MCDONALD RA Y BEARHOP S (2009) Diet, individualspecialisation and breeding of brown skuas(Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi): an investigationusing stable isotopes. Polar Biology 32:27–33
ANDERSSON M (1999) Hybridization and skua phylo-geny. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 266:1579–1585
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2012) Data zone. BirdLife In-ternational, Cambridge (URL: http://datazone.birdlife.org/home/)
BROOKE RK (1978) The Catharacta skuas (Aves:Laridae) occurring in South African waters. DurbanMuseum Novitates 11:295–308
CATRY P, ALMEIDA A, LECOQ M, GRANADEIRO JP Y MATIASR (2011) Low breeding success and sharp popula-tion decline at the largest known Falkland skuacolony. Polar Biology 34:1239–1241
CHU PC, EISENSCHENK SK Y ZHU ST (2009) Skeletalmorphology and the phylogeny of skuas (Aves:Charadriiformes, Stercorariidae). Zoological Journalof the Linnean Society 157:612–621
COHEN B, BAKER A, BLECHSCHMIDT K, DITTMANN D,FURNESS R, GERWIN J, HELBIG A, DE KORTE J, MARSHALLH, PALMA R, PETER H, RAMLI R, SIEBOLD E, WILLCOXM, WILSON R Y ZINK R (1997) Enigmatic phylogenyof skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae). Proceedings of theRoyal Society, B 264:181–190
CONSEJO FEDERAL PESQUERO (2010) Plan de acción nacio-nal para reducir la interacción de aves con pesquerías enla República Argentina. Consejo Federal Pesquero,Buenos Aires
COPELLO S, SECO PON JP Y FAVERO M (2014) Spatialoverlap of Black-browed albatrosses with longlineand trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf duringthe non-breeding season. Journal of Sea Research89:44–51
DEVILLERS P (1977) The skuas of the North AmericanPacific coast. Auk 94:417–429
DEVILLERS P (1978) Distribution and relationships ofSouth American skuas. Gerfaut 68:374–417
FAVERO M, BLANCO G, GARCÍA G, COPELLO S, SECO PONJP, FRERE E, QUINTANA F, YORIO P, RABUFFETTI F, CAÑETEG Y GANDINI P (2011) Seabird mortality associatedwith ice trawlers in the Patagonian Shelf: effect ofdiscards on the occurrence of interactions with fish-ing gear. Animal Conservation 14:131–139
FORERO MG, BORTOLOTTI GR, HOBSON KA, DONAZARJA, BERTELLOTI M Y BLANCO G (2004) High trophicoverlap within the seabird community of Argenti-nean Patagonia: a multiscale approach. Journal ofAnimal Ecology 73:789–801
FURNESS RW (1987) The skuas. T & AD Poyser, Calton
FURNESS RW (1996) Family Stercorariidae. Pp. 556–571en: DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J (eds) Hand-book of the birds of the world. Volume 3. Hoatzin to auks.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
GANDINI PA Y FRERE E (1998) Seabird and shorebirddiversity and associated conservation problems inPuerto Deseado, Patagonia, Argentina. OrnitologíaNeotropical 9:13–22
GHYS ME, RAYA REY A Y SCHIAVINI A (2008) Popula-tion trend and breeding biology of gentoo penguinin Martillo Island, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.Waterbirds 31:625–631
GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D Y YORIO P (2006) Seabird useof discards and incidental captures at the Argen-tine hake trawl fishery in the Golfo San Jorge,Argentina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 316:175–183
GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D Y YORIO P (2011) Consump-tion of discards and interactions between Black-browed Albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) andKelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) at trawl fisheries in GolfoSan Jorge, Argentina. Journal of Ornithology 152:827–838
GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D, YORIO P Y CAILLE G (2007)Seabird mortality at trawler warp cables and a pro-posed mitigation measure: a case study in Golfo SanJorge, Patagonia, Argentina. Biological Conservation136:108–116
GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D, YORIO P Y SVAGELJ WS (2011)Seabird attendance and incidental mortality atshrimp fisheries in Golfo San Jorge, Argentina.Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:125–135
HARRISON P (1983) Seabirds: an identification guide.Houghton Mifflin, Boston
HIGGINS PJ Y DAVIES SJJF (1996) Handbook of Austral-ian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Oxford Univer-sity Press, Melbourne
DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J (1996) Handbook ofthe birds of the world. Volume 3. Hoatzin to auks. LynxEdicions, BarcelonaIUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of threatened species.IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/)JARAMILLO A (2005) Aves de Chile. Lynx Edicions,Barcelona
JIMÉNEZ S, DOMINGO A, ABREU M Y BRAZEIRO A (2011)Structure of the seabird assemblage associated withpelagic longline vessels in the southwestern Atlan-tic: implications for bycatch. Endangered SpeciesResearch 15:241–254
JIMÉNEZ S, DOMINGO A Y BRAZEIRO A (2009) Seabirdbycatch in the Southwest Atlantic: interaction withthe Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery. Polar Biol-ogy 32:187–196
KOPP M, HANS-ULRICH P, MUSTAFA O, LISOVSKI S, RITZMD, PHILLIPS RA Y HAHN S (2011) South polar skuasfrom single breeding population overwinter in dif-ferent oceans though show similar migration pat-terns. Marine Ecology Progress Series 435:263–267
LEGENDRE P Y LEGENDRE L (1998) Numerical ecology.Elsevier, Amsterdam
LILJESTHRÖM M, EMSLIE SD, FRIERSON D Y SCHIAVINI A(2008) Avian predation at a Southern RockhopperPenguin colony on Staten Island, Argentina. PolarBiology 31:465–474
LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. Aves Argen-tinas/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y DesarrolloSustentable, Buenos Aires
MARINAO CJ Y YORIO P (2011) Fishery discards andincidental mortality of seabirds attending coastalshrimp trawlers at Isla Escondida, Patagonia, Argen-tina. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123:709–719
NAROSKY T E YZURIETA D (2010) Aves de Argentina yUruguay. Guía de identificación. Vázquez MazziniEditores, Buenos AiresOLMOS F (1997) Seabirds attending bottom-longlinefishing off southeastern Brazil. Ibis 13:685–691
OLSEN LM Y LARSSON H (1997) Skuas and jaegers. Aguide to the skuas and jaegers of the world. Pica Press,Londres
PAZ J (2015) Interacciones entre aves marinas y la pesque-ría de arrastre pelágico dirigida a la anchoíta (Engraulisanchoita) en el Mar Argentino. Tesis de licenciatura,Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar delPlata
PHILLIPS RA, CATRY P, SILK JRD, BEARHOP S, MCGILL R,AFANASYEV V Y STRANGE IJ (2007) Movements, win-ter distribution and activity patterns of Falkland andbrown skuas: insights from loggers and isotopes.Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:281–291
PHILLIPS RA, PHALAN B Y FORSTER IP (2004) Diet andlong-term changes in population size and producti-vity of brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi)at Bird Island, South Georgia. Polar Biology27:555–561
R CORE TEAM (2016) R: a language and environment forstatistical computing. R Foundation for StatisticalComputing, Viena (URL: http://www.R-project.org/)
REINHARDT K, HAHN S, PETER HU Y WEMHOFF H (2000)A review of the diets of Southern Hemisphereskuas. Marine Ornithology 28:7–19
REMSEN JV JR, CADENA CD, JARAMILLO A, NORES M,PACHECO JF, PÉREZ-EMÁN J, ROBBINS MB, STILES FG,STOTZ DF Y ZIMMER KJ (2013) A classification of thebird species of South America. American Ornitholo-gists’ Union, Baton Rouge (URL: http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm)
RITZ MS, MILLAR C, MILLER GD, PHILLIPS RA, RYAN P,STERNKOPF V, LIEBERS-HELBIG D Y PETER HU (2008)Phylogeography of the southern skua complex —rapid colonization of the Southern Hemisphereduring a glacial period and reticulate evolution.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49:292–303
SECO PON JP, COPELLO S, TAMINI L, MARIANO-JELICICHR, PAZ J, BLANCO G Y FAVERO M (2015) Seabird con-servation in fisheries: current state of knowledgeand conservation needs for Argentine high-seasfleets. Pp. 45–88 en: GARRET M (ed) Seabirds and song-birds: habitat preferences, conservation and migratorybehavior. NOVA Science, Nueva York
SHIRIHAI H (2008) The complete guide to Antarctic wild-life: birds and marine mammals of the Antarctic conti-nent and the Southern Ocean. Segunda edición.Princeton University Press, Princeton
SIMEONE A, ANGUITA C Y LUNA-JORQUERA G (2014) At-sea abundance and distribution of skuas and jaegers(Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae) at coastal watersoff central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural87:art6
SOTO R, RUIZ VHR Y VEGA-ROMÁN E (2012) Estadoactual del conocimiento de la familia Stercorariidaeen el extremo sur de Chile. Anales del Instituto de laPatagonia 40:83–93
TAMINI LL, CHÁVEZ LN, GÓNGORA ME, YATES O,RABUFFETTI FL Y SULLIVAN B (2015) Estimating mor-tality of black-browed albatross (Thalassarchemelanophris, Temminck, 1828) and other seabirds inthe Argentinean factory trawl fleet and the use ofbird-scaring lines as a mitigation measure. PolarBiology 38:1867–1879
TASKER ML, JONES P, DIXON T Y BLAKE B (1984) Count-ing seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methodsemployed and a suggestion for a standardizedapproach. Auk 101:567–577
WHITE RWG, GILLON KW, BLACK AD Y REID JB (2001)The distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in Falk-land Islands waters. Joint Nature Conservation Com-mittee, Peterborough
WOODS RW Y WOODS A (1997) Atlas of breeding birds ofthe Falkland Islands. Redwood Books, Trowbridge
WORTON BJ (1989) Kernel methods for estimating theutilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecol-ogy 70:164–168
YORIO P (2005) Estado poblacional y de conservaciónde gaviotines y escúas que se reproducen en ellitoral marítimo argentino. Hornero 20:75–93
YORIO P Y CAILLE G (1999) Seabird interactions withcoastal fisheries in northern Patagonia: use of dis-cards and incidental captures in nets. Waterbirds22:207–216
YORIO P, FRERE E, GANDINI P Y HARRIS G (1998) Atlas dela distribución reproductiva de aves marinas en el litoralpatagónico argentino. Fundación Patagonia Naturaly Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires
YORIO P Y GIACCARDI M (2002) Urban and fisherywaste tips as food sources for birds in northerncoastal Patagonia, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical13:283–292

Cómo citar

Juan Pablo Seco Pon, Leandro Tamini, Nahuel Chavez, Sofía Copello (2017). Asociación de la Escúa Parda (Stercorarius antarcticus) y la Escúa Común (Stercorarius chilensis) con operaciones de pesca en el Mar Argentino. El Hornero, Vol. 32 Núm. 2 (2017), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i2.507

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Licencia: CC BY-NC 4.0

[1] ANDERSON ORJ, PHILLIPS RA, SHORE RF, MCGILL RAR,MCDONALD RA Y BEARHOP S (2009) Diet, individualspecialisation and breeding of brown skuas(Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi): an investigationusing stable isotopes. Polar Biology 32:27–33

[2] ANDERSSON M (1999) Hybridization and skua phylo-geny. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 266:1579–1585

[3] BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2012) Data zone. BirdLife In-ternational, Cambridge (URL: http://datazone.birdlife.org/home/)

[4] BROOKE RK (1978) The Catharacta skuas (Aves:Laridae) occurring in South African waters. DurbanMuseum Novitates 11:295–308

[5] CATRY P, ALMEIDA A, LECOQ M, GRANADEIRO JP Y MATIASR (2011) Low breeding success and sharp popula-tion decline at the largest known Falkland skuacolony. Polar Biology 34:1239–1241

[6] CHU PC, EISENSCHENK SK Y ZHU ST (2009) Skeletalmorphology and the phylogeny of skuas (Aves:Charadriiformes, Stercorariidae). Zoological Journalof the Linnean Society 157:612–621

[7] COHEN B, BAKER A, BLECHSCHMIDT K, DITTMANN D,FURNESS R, GERWIN J, HELBIG A, DE KORTE J, MARSHALLH, PALMA R, PETER H, RAMLI R, SIEBOLD E, WILLCOXM, WILSON R Y ZINK R (1997) Enigmatic phylogenyof skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae). Proceedings of theRoyal Society, B 264:181–190

[8] CONSEJO FEDERAL PESQUERO (2010) Plan de acción nacio-nal para reducir la interacción de aves con pesquerías enla República Argentina. Consejo Federal Pesquero,Buenos Aires

[9] COPELLO S, SECO PON JP Y FAVERO M (2014) Spatialoverlap of Black-browed albatrosses with longlineand trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf duringthe non-breeding season. Journal of Sea Research89:44–51

[10] DEVILLERS P (1977) The skuas of the North AmericanPacific coast. Auk 94:417–429

[11] DEVILLERS P (1978) Distribution and relationships ofSouth American skuas. Gerfaut 68:374–417

[12] FAVERO M, BLANCO G, GARCÍA G, COPELLO S, SECO PONJP, FRERE E, QUINTANA F, YORIO P, RABUFFETTI F, CAÑETEG Y GANDINI P (2011) Seabird mortality associatedwith ice trawlers in the Patagonian Shelf: effect ofdiscards on the occurrence of interactions with fish-ing gear. Animal Conservation 14:131–139

[13] FORERO MG, BORTOLOTTI GR, HOBSON KA, DONAZARJA, BERTELLOTI M Y BLANCO G (2004) High trophicoverlap within the seabird community of Argenti-nean Patagonia: a multiscale approach. Journal ofAnimal Ecology 73:789–801

[14] FURNESS RW (1987) The skuas. T & AD Poyser, Calton

[15] FURNESS RW (1996) Family Stercorariidae. Pp. 556–571en: DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J (eds) Hand-book of the birds of the world. Volume 3. Hoatzin to auks.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

[16] GANDINI PA Y FRERE E (1998) Seabird and shorebirddiversity and associated conservation problems inPuerto Deseado, Patagonia, Argentina. OrnitologíaNeotropical 9:13–22

[17] GHYS ME, RAYA REY A Y SCHIAVINI A (2008) Popula-tion trend and breeding biology of gentoo penguinin Martillo Island, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.Waterbirds 31:625–631

[18] GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D Y YORIO P (2006) Seabird useof discards and incidental captures at the Argen-tine hake trawl fishery in the Golfo San Jorge,Argentina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 316:175–183

[19] GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D Y YORIO P (2011) Consump-tion of discards and interactions between Black-browed Albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) andKelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) at trawl fisheries in GolfoSan Jorge, Argentina. Journal of Ornithology 152:827–838

[20] GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D, YORIO P Y CAILLE G (2007)Seabird mortality at trawler warp cables and a pro-posed mitigation measure: a case study in Golfo SanJorge, Patagonia, Argentina. Biological Conservation136:108–116

[21] GONZÁLEZ-ZEVALLOS D, YORIO P Y SVAGELJ WS (2011)Seabird attendance and incidental mortality atshrimp fisheries in Golfo San Jorge, Argentina.Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:125–135

[22] HARRISON P (1983) Seabirds: an identification guide.Houghton Mifflin, Boston

[23] HIGGINS PJ Y DAVIES SJJF (1996) Handbook of Austral-ian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Oxford Univer-sity Press, Melbourne

[24] DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J (1996) Handbook ofthe birds of the world. Volume 3. Hoatzin to auks. LynxEdicions, BarcelonaIUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of threatened species.IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/)JARAMILLO A (2005) Aves de Chile. Lynx Edicions,Barcelona

[25] JIMÉNEZ S, DOMINGO A, ABREU M Y BRAZEIRO A (2011)Structure of the seabird assemblage associated withpelagic longline vessels in the southwestern Atlan-tic: implications for bycatch. Endangered SpeciesResearch 15:241–254

[26] JIMÉNEZ S, DOMINGO A Y BRAZEIRO A (2009) Seabirdbycatch in the Southwest Atlantic: interaction withthe Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery. Polar Biol-ogy 32:187–196

[27] KOPP M, HANS-ULRICH P, MUSTAFA O, LISOVSKI S, RITZMD, PHILLIPS RA Y HAHN S (2011) South polar skuasfrom single breeding population overwinter in dif-ferent oceans though show similar migration pat-terns. Marine Ecology Progress Series 435:263–267

[28] LEGENDRE P Y LEGENDRE L (1998) Numerical ecology.Elsevier, Amsterdam

[29] LILJESTHRÖM M, EMSLIE SD, FRIERSON D Y SCHIAVINI A(2008) Avian predation at a Southern RockhopperPenguin colony on Staten Island, Argentina. PolarBiology 31:465–474

[30] LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. Aves Argen-tinas/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y DesarrolloSustentable, Buenos Aires

[31] MARINAO CJ Y YORIO P (2011) Fishery discards andincidental mortality of seabirds attending coastalshrimp trawlers at Isla Escondida, Patagonia, Argen-tina. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123:709–719

[32] NAROSKY T E YZURIETA D (2010) Aves de Argentina yUruguay. Guía de identificación. Vázquez MazziniEditores, Buenos AiresOLMOS F (1997) Seabirds attending bottom-longlinefishing off southeastern Brazil. Ibis 13:685–691

[33] OLSEN LM Y LARSSON H (1997) Skuas and jaegers. Aguide to the skuas and jaegers of the world. Pica Press,Londres

[34] PAZ J (2015) Interacciones entre aves marinas y la pesque-ría de arrastre pelágico dirigida a la anchoíta (Engraulisanchoita) en el Mar Argentino. Tesis de licenciatura,Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar delPlata

[35] PHILLIPS RA, CATRY P, SILK JRD, BEARHOP S, MCGILL R,AFANASYEV V Y STRANGE IJ (2007) Movements, win-ter distribution and activity patterns of Falkland andbrown skuas: insights from loggers and isotopes.Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:281–291

[36] PHILLIPS RA, PHALAN B Y FORSTER IP (2004) Diet andlong-term changes in population size and producti-vity of brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi)at Bird Island, South Georgia. Polar Biology27:555–561

[37] R CORE TEAM (2016) R: a language and environment forstatistical computing. R Foundation for StatisticalComputing, Viena (URL: http://www.R-project.org/)

[38] REINHARDT K, HAHN S, PETER HU Y WEMHOFF H (2000)A review of the diets of Southern Hemisphereskuas. Marine Ornithology 28:7–19

[39] REMSEN JV JR, CADENA CD, JARAMILLO A, NORES M,PACHECO JF, PÉREZ-EMÁN J, ROBBINS MB, STILES FG,STOTZ DF Y ZIMMER KJ (2013) A classification of thebird species of South America. American Ornitholo-gists’ Union, Baton Rouge (URL: http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm)

[40] RITZ MS, MILLAR C, MILLER GD, PHILLIPS RA, RYAN P,STERNKOPF V, LIEBERS-HELBIG D Y PETER HU (2008)Phylogeography of the southern skua complex —rapid colonization of the Southern Hemisphereduring a glacial period and reticulate evolution.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49:292–303

[41] SECO PON JP, COPELLO S, TAMINI L, MARIANO-JELICICHR, PAZ J, BLANCO G Y FAVERO M (2015) Seabird con-servation in fisheries: current state of knowledgeand conservation needs for Argentine high-seasfleets. Pp. 45–88 en: GARRET M (ed) Seabirds and song-birds: habitat preferences, conservation and migratorybehavior. NOVA Science, Nueva York

[42] SHIRIHAI H (2008) The complete guide to Antarctic wild-life: birds and marine mammals of the Antarctic conti-nent and the Southern Ocean. Segunda edición.Princeton University Press, Princeton

[43] SIMEONE A, ANGUITA C Y LUNA-JORQUERA G (2014) At-sea abundance and distribution of skuas and jaegers(Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae) at coastal watersoff central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural87:art6

[44] SOTO R, RUIZ VHR Y VEGA-ROMÁN E (2012) Estadoactual del conocimiento de la familia Stercorariidaeen el extremo sur de Chile. Anales del Instituto de laPatagonia 40:83–93

[45] TAMINI LL, CHÁVEZ LN, GÓNGORA ME, YATES O,RABUFFETTI FL Y SULLIVAN B (2015) Estimating mor-tality of black-browed albatross (Thalassarchemelanophris, Temminck, 1828) and other seabirds inthe Argentinean factory trawl fleet and the use ofbird-scaring lines as a mitigation measure. PolarBiology 38:1867–1879

[46] TASKER ML, JONES P, DIXON T Y BLAKE B (1984) Count-ing seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methodsemployed and a suggestion for a standardizedapproach. Auk 101:567–577

[47] WHITE RWG, GILLON KW, BLACK AD Y REID JB (2001)The distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in Falk-land Islands waters. Joint Nature Conservation Com-mittee, Peterborough

[48] WOODS RW Y WOODS A (1997) Atlas of breeding birds ofthe Falkland Islands. Redwood Books, Trowbridge

[49] WORTON BJ (1989) Kernel methods for estimating theutilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecol-ogy 70:164–168

[50] YORIO P (2005) Estado poblacional y de conservaciónde gaviotines y escúas que se reproducen en ellitoral marítimo argentino. Hornero 20:75–93

[51] YORIO P Y CAILLE G (1999) Seabird interactions withcoastal fisheries in northern Patagonia: use of dis-cards and incidental captures in nets. Waterbirds22:207–216

[52] YORIO P, FRERE E, GANDINI P Y HARRIS G (1998) Atlas dela distribución reproductiva de aves marinas en el litoralpatagónico argentino. Fundación Patagonia Naturaly Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires

[53] YORIO P Y GIACCARDI M (2002) Urban and fisherywaste tips as food sources for birds in northerncoastal Patagonia, Argentina. Ornitología Neotropical13:283–292