Dispersión rápida y de larga distancia de juveniles de Parina Grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus) desde Bolivia hasta Perú

Joe H. Roca; J. Joel Ayala-Navarro; Enver Ortiz

doi:10.56178/eh.v40i2.1526

Short Communications Published 30 November 2025 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v40i2.1526

Rapid and long-distance dispersal of juvenile Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) from Bolivia to Peru

Andean Flamingo dispersal movement ecology Phoenicopteridae ringed flamingos

Joe H. Roca Asociación Conservación Andina Ayacucho

J. Joel Ayala-Navarro Asociación Conservación Andina Ayacucho | Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Altoandino-amazónicos (GIBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga. Av. Independencia s/n, Ayacucho, Huamanga, Perú

Enver Ortiz Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Altoandino-amazónicos (GIBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga. Av. Independencia s/n, Ayacucho, Huamanga, Perú | Grupo de Conservación Flamencos Altoandinos (GCFA)

Abstract

The Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) is globally categorized as Vulnerable and primarily inhabits high Andean lagoons across the Altiplano, from northwestern Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile to southern Peru. In July 2023, two six-month-old ringed juvenile individuals were recorded at Lake Parinacochas (southern Peru), both originating from Lake Colorada (southern Bolivia), having dispersed approximately 1000 km. These records provide evidence of a remarkable capacity for rapid, long-distance dispersal at an early age, exceeding previous reports that mainly involve subadult and adult individuals. Such movements are likely influenced by both intrinsic (body condition and genetic predisposition) and extrinsic factors (resource availability and climatic conditions). These findings add to other observations of juvenile dispersal in Caribbean and Greater flamingos, underscoring the importance of continued ringing and monitoring, which is essential to understand migratory processes and their implications for the conservation of species highly sensitive to the degradation of high-Andean ecosystems.

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References

Barbraud C, Johnson AR, Bertault G (2003) Phenotypic correlates of post-fledging dispersal in a population of greater flamingos: the importance of body condition. Journal of Animal Ecology 72:246-57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00695.x
Birdlife International (2025) Phoenicoparrus andinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697387A182422217. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697387A182422217.en
Bucher EH (2006) Bañados del Rio Dulce y Laguna Mar Chiquita (Córdoba, Argentina), Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina
Caziani SM, Derlindati EJ (1999) Humedales altoandinos del Noroeste de Argentina: su contribución a la biodiversidad regional. En: Malvárez AI (ed) Tópicos sobre humedales subtropicales y templados de Sudamérica, Oficina Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la UNESCO para América Latina y el Caribe. ORCYT, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp 1-13
Caziani SM, Rocha Olivio O, Rodríguez Ramírez E, Romano M, Derlindati EJ, Tálamo A, Ricalde D, Quiroga C, Contreras JP, Valqui M, Sosa H (2007) Seasonal distribution, abundance, and nesting of Puna, Andean, and Chilean Flamingos. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 109(2):276-287. https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.276
Delfino HC, Carlos CJ (2021) To be or not to be a migrant: the different movement behaviours of birds and insights into the migratory status of flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). Bulletin British Ornithologists’ Club 141(4):418-427. https://doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v141i4.2021.a5
Derlindati EJ, Arengo F, Michelutti M, Romano MC, Fabre HS, Ortiz E, Rocha O, Jahn AE, Chanampa MM, Barberis IM (2024) A review of the ecology and conservation of the Andean Flamingo Phoenicoparrus andinus and Puna Flamingo P. jamesi in South America. Bird Conservation International 34:e37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270924000273
Fudickar AM, Jahn AE, Ketterson ED (2021) Animal migration: an overview of one of nature’s great spectacles. Annual Review of Ecology, and Evolution, and Systematics 52(1):479-497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-031035
Gálvez XL, Guerrero L, Migoya R (2016) Evidencias físicas de la estructura metapoblacional en el Flamenco Caribeño (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) a partir de avistamientos de individuos anillados. Revista Cubana de Ciencias Biológicas 4(3):93-98
Gutiérrez JS, Moore JN, Donnelly JP, Dorador C, Navedo JG, Senner NR (2022) Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289(1970):20212388. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2388
IUCN (2025) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org]
Jahn AE, Cereghetti J, Hallworth MT, Ketterson ED, Ryder B, Marra PP, Derlindati E (2023) Highly variable movements by Andean Flamingos (Phoenicoparrus andinus): implications for conservation and management. Avian Conservation & Ecology 18(2):13. https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-02521-180213
Johnson AR (1989) Movements of Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) in the western Palearctic. Revue d’Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 44(1):75-94. https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.1989.5504
Johnson AR, Cézilly F (2007) The Greater Flamingo. T & AD Poyser, London
Marconi PL, Arengo F, Castro A, Rocha O, Valqui M, Aguilar S, Barberis IM, Castellino M, Castro LB, Derlindati EJ, Michelutti MP, Moschione F, Musmeci LR, Ortiz E, Romano M, Sosa H, Sepúlveda D, Sureda A (2020) Sixth International Simultaneous Census of three flamingo species in the Southern Cone of South America: Preliminary analysis. Flamingo e3:67-75
Mascitti V, Bonaventura SM (2002) Patterns of abundance, distribution and habitat use of flamingos in the high Andes, South America. Waterbirds 25:358-365. https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0358:POADAH]2.0.CO;2
Merlin C, Liedvogel M (2019) The genetics and epigenetics of animal migration and orientation: birds, butterflies and beyond. Journal of Experimental Biology 222:jeb191890. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.191890
Ortiz E, Gamboa M, Salas M, Vera J (2020) Ítems alimenticios potenciales para la Parina Grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus, (Philippi, 1854)) en dos tipos de hábitats acuáticos de la Laguna de Parinacochas, Ayacucho, Perú. Biotempo 17(2):311–320. https://doi.org/10.31381/biotempo.v17i2.3400
Ortiz EP, Vizcarra JK, Valqui M (2023) Distribución, ecología y conservación del Flamenco Andino (Phoenicoparrus andinus Philippi, 1854) (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes): una revisión sistemática sobre su estado en el Perú. Biotempo 20(1):101-115. https://doi.org/10.31381/biotempo.v20i1.3400
Parada M (1990) Flamencos en el norte de Chile. Distribución, abundancia y fluctuaciones estacionales del número. I Taller Internacional de especialistas en flamencos sudamericanos. Corporación Nacional Forestal - Sociedad Zoológica de Nueva York, pp 52-66
Rocha O, Aguilar S, Vargas M, Quiroga C (2009) Abundancia, reproducción y anillado de Flamencos andinos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi y P. andinus) en Laguna Colorada, Potosí - Bolivia. Flamingo 17:16-21
Rodríguez E (2005) Flamencos altoandinos Phoenicopterus andinus (Philippi, 1854), Phoenicopterus jamesi (Sclater, 1886) y Phoenicopterus chilensis (Molina, 1782), en el Norte de Chile: Estado actual y plan de conservación. Corporación Nacional Forestal, CONAF. Antofagasta, Chile
Romano M, Barberis I, Pagano F, Minotti P, Arengo F (2017) Variaciones anuales en la abundancia y en la distribución espacial del Flamenco Austral (Phoenicopterus chilensis) y la Parina Grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus) en el Sitio Ramsar Laguna Melincué, Argentina. El Hornero 32:215-225. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i2.508
Salvador A, Rendón MÁ, Amat JA, Rendón-Martos M (2024) Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), version 3.0. En: Birds of the World (Billerman SM & Keeney BK (Eds). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grefla3.03
Scridel D, Pirrello S, Imperio S, Cecere JG, Albanese G, Andreotti A, Arveda G, Borghesi F, La Gioia G, Massa L, Mengoni C, Micheloni P, Mucci N, Nardelli R, Nissardi S, Volponi S, Zucca C, Serra L (2023) Weather, sex and body condition affect post-fledging migration behaviour of the greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus. Movement Ecology 11(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-023-00409-x
Vizcarra JK, Vicetti R (2013) Primer registro documentado de la Parina Chica (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) en los Humedales de Ite. Boletín de la Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú (UNOP) 8:21-26

How to cite

Joe H. Roca, J. Joel Ayala-Navarro, Enver Ortiz (2025). Rapid and long-distance dispersal of juvenile Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) from Bolivia to Peru. El Hornero, Vol. 40 No. 2 (2025), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v40i2.1526

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[1] Barbraud C, Johnson AR, Bertault G (2003) Phenotypic correlates of post-fledging dispersal in a population of greater flamingos: the importance of body condition. Journal of Animal Ecology 72:246-57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00695.x

[2] Birdlife International (2025) Phoenicoparrus andinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697387A182422217. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697387A182422217.en

[3] Bucher EH (2006) Bañados del Rio Dulce y Laguna Mar Chiquita (Córdoba, Argentina), Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina

[4] Caziani SM, Derlindati EJ (1999) Humedales altoandinos del Noroeste de Argentina: su contribución a la biodiversidad regional. En: Malvárez AI (ed) Tópicos sobre humedales subtropicales y templados de Sudamérica, Oficina Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la UNESCO para América Latina y el Caribe. ORCYT, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp 1-13

[5] Caziani SM, Rocha Olivio O, Rodríguez Ramírez E, Romano M, Derlindati EJ, Tálamo A, Ricalde D, Quiroga C, Contreras JP, Valqui M, Sosa H (2007) Seasonal distribution, abundance, and nesting of Puna, Andean, and Chilean Flamingos. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 109(2):276-287. https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.276

[6] Delfino HC, Carlos CJ (2021) To be or not to be a migrant: the different movement behaviours of birds and insights into the migratory status of flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). Bulletin British Ornithologists’ Club 141(4):418-427. https://doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v141i4.2021.a5

[7] Derlindati EJ, Arengo F, Michelutti M, Romano MC, Fabre HS, Ortiz E, Rocha O, Jahn AE, Chanampa MM, Barberis IM (2024) A review of the ecology and conservation of the Andean Flamingo Phoenicoparrus andinus and Puna Flamingo P. jamesi in South America. Bird Conservation International 34:e37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270924000273

[8] Fudickar AM, Jahn AE, Ketterson ED (2021) Animal migration: an overview of one of nature’s great spectacles. Annual Review of Ecology, and Evolution, and Systematics 52(1):479-497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-031035

[9] Gálvez XL, Guerrero L, Migoya R (2016) Evidencias físicas de la estructura metapoblacional en el Flamenco Caribeño (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) a partir de avistamientos de individuos anillados. Revista Cubana de Ciencias Biológicas 4(3):93-98

[10] Gutiérrez JS, Moore JN, Donnelly JP, Dorador C, Navedo JG, Senner NR (2022) Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289(1970):20212388. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2388

[11] IUCN (2025) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org]

[12] Jahn AE, Cereghetti J, Hallworth MT, Ketterson ED, Ryder B, Marra PP, Derlindati E (2023) Highly variable movements by Andean Flamingos (Phoenicoparrus andinus): implications for conservation and management. Avian Conservation & Ecology 18(2):13. https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-02521-180213

[13] Johnson AR (1989) Movements of Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) in the western Palearctic. Revue d’Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 44(1):75-94. https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.1989.5504

[14] Johnson AR, Cézilly F (2007) The Greater Flamingo. T & AD Poyser, London

[15] Marconi PL, Arengo F, Castro A, Rocha O, Valqui M, Aguilar S, Barberis IM, Castellino M, Castro LB, Derlindati EJ, Michelutti MP, Moschione F, Musmeci LR, Ortiz E, Romano M, Sosa H, Sepúlveda D, Sureda A (2020) Sixth International Simultaneous Census of three flamingo species in the Southern Cone of South America: Preliminary analysis. Flamingo e3:67-75

[16] Mascitti V, Bonaventura SM (2002) Patterns of abundance, distribution and habitat use of flamingos in the high Andes, South America. Waterbirds 25:358-365. https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0358:POADAH]2.0.CO;2

[17] Merlin C, Liedvogel M (2019) The genetics and epigenetics of animal migration and orientation: birds, butterflies and beyond. Journal of Experimental Biology 222:jeb191890. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.191890

[18] Ortiz E, Gamboa M, Salas M, Vera J (2020) Ítems alimenticios potenciales para la Parina Grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus, (Philippi, 1854)) en dos tipos de hábitats acuáticos de la Laguna de Parinacochas, Ayacucho, Perú. Biotempo 17(2):311–320. https://doi.org/10.31381/biotempo.v17i2.3400

[19] Ortiz EP, Vizcarra JK, Valqui M (2023) Distribución, ecología y conservación del Flamenco Andino (Phoenicoparrus andinus Philippi, 1854) (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes): una revisión sistemática sobre su estado en el Perú. Biotempo 20(1):101-115. https://doi.org/10.31381/biotempo.v20i1.3400

[20] Parada M (1990) Flamencos en el norte de Chile. Distribución, abundancia y fluctuaciones estacionales del número. I Taller Internacional de especialistas en flamencos sudamericanos. Corporación Nacional Forestal - Sociedad Zoológica de Nueva York, pp 52-66

[21] Rocha O, Aguilar S, Vargas M, Quiroga C (2009) Abundancia, reproducción y anillado de Flamencos andinos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi y P. andinus) en Laguna Colorada, Potosí - Bolivia. Flamingo 17:16-21

[22] Rodríguez E (2005) Flamencos altoandinos Phoenicopterus andinus (Philippi, 1854), Phoenicopterus jamesi (Sclater, 1886) y Phoenicopterus chilensis (Molina, 1782), en el Norte de Chile: Estado actual y plan de conservación. Corporación Nacional Forestal, CONAF. Antofagasta, Chile

[23] Romano M, Barberis I, Pagano F, Minotti P, Arengo F (2017) Variaciones anuales en la abundancia y en la distribución espacial del Flamenco Austral (Phoenicopterus chilensis) y la Parina Grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus) en el Sitio Ramsar Laguna Melincué, Argentina. El Hornero 32:215-225. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i2.508

[24] Salvador A, Rendón MÁ, Amat JA, Rendón-Martos M (2024) Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), version 3.0. En: Birds of the World (Billerman SM & Keeney BK (Eds). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grefla3.03

[25] Scridel D, Pirrello S, Imperio S, Cecere JG, Albanese G, Andreotti A, Arveda G, Borghesi F, La Gioia G, Massa L, Mengoni C, Micheloni P, Mucci N, Nardelli R, Nissardi S, Volponi S, Zucca C, Serra L (2023) Weather, sex and body condition affect post-fledging migration behaviour of the greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus. Movement Ecology 11(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-023-00409-x

[26] Vizcarra JK, Vicetti R (2013) Primer registro documentado de la Parina Chica (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) en los Humedales de Ite. Boletín de la Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú (UNOP) 8:21-26