Birds in the Concrete Forest: Nest-site Use on Human-made Structures across Western Ecuador

Daniel Velasco-Cedeño; Elías Viteri-Basso; Walter Vivas; Ariel Guerrero-Campoverde

doi:10.56178/eh.v41i1.1538

Artículos Publicado 30 junio 2026 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v41i1.1538

Aves en la selva de cemento: uso de sitios de nidificación sobre estructuras antrópicas en el oeste de Ecuador

aves urbanas ciencia participativa nidificación de aves urbanización

Daniel Velasco-Cedeño Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador

Elías Viteri-Basso Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador

Walter Vivas Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador

Ariel Guerrero-Campoverde Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador

Resumen

La expansión urbana es uno de los principales motores de transformación de los hábitats, ya que reduce la disponibilidad de sitios naturales de nidificación para las aves y promueve el uso de estructuras antrópicas. En este estudio documentamos el comportamiento de nidificación de especies de aves nativas en estructuras construidas por el ser humano en el oeste de Ecuador, una región que experimenta un rápido crecimiento urbano y una marcada fragmentación de los ecosistemas. Combinamos observaciones de campo (2023–2025), un monitoreo detallado de dos especies focales (Tyrannus niveigularis y Myrmia micrura) durante 2025, y datos de ciencia participativa obtenidos de la plataforma iNaturalist (2009–2025). Compilamos 49 registros de nidificación correspondientes a 15 especies que utilizaron una amplia variedad de sustratos artificiales, incluyendo paredes, postes de iluminación, techos, cables y unidades de aire acondicionado. Las observaciones detalladas revelaron una reproducción exitosa en ambas especies focales, incluyendo la reutilización de nidos y el cuidado biparental en T. niveigularis, así como intentos repetidos de nidificación por parte de M. micrura sobre un sustrato artificial poco convencional. Nuestros hallazgos incluyen registros novedosos de nidificación en estructuras antrópicas para tres especies y amplían el conocimiento existente sobre la ecología de nidificación en ambientes urbanos de la región. Si bien las estructuras artificiales pueden proporcionar oportunidades alternativas para la nidificación, también pueden exponer a las aves a riesgos como perturbaciones, depredación, y una menor tasa de éxito reproductivo. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de los ambientes urbanos como sistemas ecológicos emergentes y subrayan el valor de integrar observaciones de campo con datos de ciencia participativa para comprender mejor las respuestas de las especies a los paisajes modificados por el ser humano en regiones tropicales.

PDF (Inglés) PDF

Referencias

Afrifa JK, Deikumah JP, Monney KA (2023) Comparative use of artificial structures and natural vegetation by birds in a built-up urban area in Ghana. Avian Conservation and Ecology 18(1):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/ace-02351-180106
Alcívar J, Cornejo X (2022) Neotipificación, descripción del nido y plantas que visita Myrmia micrura (Gould, 1854). Revista Científica Ciencias Naturales y Ambientales 16(1). https://doi.org/10.53591/cna.v16i1.1598
Alexandrino ER, Silva GA, Corbo MC, Demuner BA, Szabo JK (2022) Urban southern House Wren (Troglodytes musculus) nesting in apparently unsuitable human-made structures: is it worth it? Ornitología Neotropical 33(1):44-52. https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v33i1.879
Araneda P, Ohrens O, Ibarra JT (2021) Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human–bird conflicts. Conservation Biology 36(1):e13859. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13859
Armijos-Ojeda D, Székely D, Székely P, Cogălniceanu D, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Ordóñez-Delgado L, Escudero A, Espinosa CI (2021) Amphibians of the equatorial seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 1063:23-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.69580
Baker JL (Ed.) (2012) Climate change, disaster risk, and the urban poor: cities building resilience for a changing world. The World Bank, Washington, DC
Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, de Juana E, Garcia E (2020) Ecuadorian Ground Dove (Columbina buckleyi), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ecgdov1.01
Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, Garcia E, Pantoja-Maggi V (2024a) Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Medrano F (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.eardov1.01.1
Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, de Juana E, Garcia E (2024b) Croaking Ground Dove (Columbina cruziana), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Medrano F (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.crgdov1.01.1
Barco G, Peralta G, Díaz A, Peluc SI (2024) Características reproductivas de Zenaida auriculata (Aves: Columbidae) en ambientes urbanos de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Ecología Austral 34(1):001-009. https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.3.0.2236
Barrantes G, Sandoval L (2019) Effect of El Niño and La Niña on abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous terrestrial birds in three tropical forests. Revista de Biología Tropical 67(2SUPL):S282-S297. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37252
Barrio J, García-Olaechea D, More A (2015) The avifauna of El Angolo Hunting Reserve, north-west Peru: natural history notes. Bull. British Ornithologists’ Club 135(1). [URL: https://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1351-Barrio.pdf]
Bauerová P, Vinklerová J, Hraníček J, Čorba V, Vojtek L, Svobodová J, Vinkler M (2017) Associations of urban environmental pollution with health-related physiological traits in a free-living bird species. Science of the Total Environment 601-602:1556-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.276
Bonilla Mena A, Rodríguez J, Bayón M, Alvarado S, Cadena C, Durán G, Bone V (2021) Turistificación, renovación urbana y ecología política: contestaciones en tres ciudades de la costa ecuatoriana. Cahiers Des Amériques Latines 97:39-65. https://doi.org/10.4000/cal.13099
Callaghan CT, Mesaglio T, Ascher JS, Brooks TM, Cabras AA, Chandler M, Cornwell WK, Ríos-Málaver IC, Dankowicz E, Dhiya’ulhaq NU, Fuller RA, Galindo-Leal C, Grattarola F, Hewitt S, Higgins L, Hitchcock C, Hung K-LJ, Iwane T, Kahumbu P, Kendrick R, Kieschnick SR, Kunz G, Lee CC, Lin C-T, Loarie S, Medina MN, McGrouther MA, Miles L, Modi S, Nowak K, Oktaviani R, Waswala Olewe BM, Pagé J, Petrovan S, Saari C, Seltzer CE, Seregin AP, Sullivan JJ, Sumanapala AP, Takoukam A, Widness J, Willmott K, Wüster W, Young AN (2022) The benefits of contributing to the citizen science platform iNaturalist as an identifier. PLOS Biology 20(11):e3001843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001843
Carvajal R, Alava JJ (2007) Mangrove wetlands conservation project and the shrimp farming industry in Ecuador: Lessons learned. World Aquaculture – Baton Rouge 38(3):14
Chace JF, Walsh JJ (2006) Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74:46-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007
Chapman FM (1926) The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 55:1-784. [URL: https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/fc006918-8c73-4cad-9634-bca00f860c24/download]
Cisneros-Heredia DF (2006) Notes on breeding, behaviour and distribution of some birds in Ecuador. Bulletin-British Ornithologists Club 126(2):153
Clavel J, Julliard R Devictor V (2010) Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9(4):222-228. https://doi.org/10.1890/080216
Cody ML (2020) Long-tailed Mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.lotmoc1.01
Collar N, Boesman PFD, Kirwan GM (2020) Pacific Parrotlet (Forpus coelestis), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pacpar2.01
Coronel Poma MS, Sánchez Cuenca DN (2022) Estrategias de intervención por medio del espacio público y las prácticas del habitar para mitigar impactos ambientales del crecimiento urbano desregulado en Puerto Bolívar, Machala, Ecuador. URBE. Arquitectura, Ciudad Y Territorio 14:77-94. https://doi.org/10.29393/UR14-5EIMD20005
Cuesta F, Peralvo M, Merino-Viteri A, Bustamante M, Baquero F, Freile JF, Muriel P, Torres-Carvajal O (2017) Priority areas for biodiversity conservation in mainland Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity 3(1):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1295705
Curillo SB, Hidalgo RR (2011) Ampliación del perímetro urbano de la conurbación de Manta. Revista Cartográfica (87):101
Dalmasso É, Fillón P (1972) Aspectos de la organización espacial del Ecuador. Revista Mexicana de Sociología 34:75-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3539349
Dayer AA (2020) Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bawswa1.01
Delgado A (2013) Guayaquil. Cities 31:515-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.001
Díaz EA, Sáenz C, Vega Y, Rubio E, González G, Zug R, Zapata-Ríos G (2023) Dog and cat-related attacks on wildlife in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador: an integrative approach to reduce the impact. Ecosystems and People 19(1):2191735. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2023.2191735
Dodson CH, Gentry AH (1991) Biological extinction in Western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(2):273-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399563
Farwell LS, Marzluff JM (2013) A new bully on the block: Does urbanization promote Bewick’s wren (Thryomanes bewickii) aggressive exclusion of Pacific wrens (Troglodytes pacificus)? Biological Conservation 161:128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.03.017
Grant PR, Grant BR, Keller LF, Petren K (2000) Effects of El Niño events on Darwin’s Finch productivity. Ecology 81(9):2442-2457. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2442:eoenoe]2.0.co;2
Grogan I (2000) Breeding the White-breasted Amazilia Amazilia amazilia leucophoea. Avicultural Magazine 106(4):157-164
Hamilton SE, Stankwitz C (2012) Examining the relationship between international aid and mangrove deforestation in coastal Ecuador from 1970 to 2006. Journal of Land Use Science 7(2):177-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2010.550694
Hatch JJ (1996) Threats to public health from gulls (Laridae). International Journal of Environmental Health Research 6:5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603129609356867
Hilty SL, Brown WL (1986) A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA
Ingels J, Greeney HF (2011) A comparative look at the nest and eggs of the Ecuadorian and Croaking Ground-Doves (Columbina buckleyi and Columbina cruziana) in Ecuador. Boletín SAO 20(2):56-60
Instituto Geográfico Militar (2022) Cartografía base del Ecuador 1:50000. Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. [URL: https://www.geoportaligm.gob.ec/] (02/06/2025)
Kirwan GM, Remsen JV Jr, de Juana E (2023) Pacific Hornero (Furnarius cinnamomeus), version 1.0. En: Billerman SM, Keeney BK (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.palhor4.01
Lager MT (2023) ¿El turismo como estrategia de desarrollo? Un análisis empírico desde la costa ecuatoriana. El caso de la comuna ancestral Olón. Investigaciones Turísticas 26:162-182. https://doi.org/10.14198/inturi.22633
Lato KA, Thorne LH, Fuirst M, Brownawell BJ (2021) Microplastic abundance in gull nests in relation to urbanization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 164:112058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112058
León-E RJ, Guerrero-Campoverde A, Dávila-Játiva M (2024) On the use of anthropogenic materials in nest building of House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), a report from Parque Los Algarrobos, Cumbayá, Ecuador. Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías 16(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v16i1.3169
Lessmann J, Muñoz J, Bonaccorso E (2014) Maximizing species conservation in continental Ecuador: a case of systematic conservation planning for biodiverse regions. Ecology and Evolution 4(12):2410-2422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1102
Lippe M, Rummel L, Günter S (2022) Simulating land use and land cover change under contrasting levels of policy enforcement and its spatially-explicit impact on tropical forest landscapes in Ecuador. Land Use Policy 119:106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106207
MAE (2013) Mapa de ecosistemas de Ecuador continental. [URL: http://mapainteractivo.ambiente.gob.ec/portal/documentos/metadatos/metadato_ecosistemas_actualizado_26012018.pdf]
Mainwaring MC (2015) The use of man-made structures as nesting sites by birds: A review of the costs and benefits. Journal for Nature Conservation 25:17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.007
Malekan IS (2020) Chestnut-collared Swallow (Petrochelidon rufocollaris), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chcswa2.01
Manchego CE, Hildebrandt P, Cueva J, Espinosa CI, Stimm B, Günter S (2017) Climate change versus deforestation: Implications for tree species distribution in the dry forests of southern Ecuador. PLOS One 12(12):e0190092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190092
Marchant S (1960) The breeding of some S.W. Ecuadorian birds. Ibis 102:584-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07134.x
Martin TE (1993) Nest predation and nest sites. BioScience 43(8):523-532. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311947
Marzluff JM (2001) Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. En: Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R (Eds.) Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer US, Boston, MA. Pp. 19-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_2
McKinney ML (2008) Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban ecosystems, 11(2):161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4
Mena CF, Benitez FL, Sampedro C, Martinez P, Quispe A, Laituri M (2022) Modeling urban growth and the impacts of climate change: The case of Esmeraldas City, Ecuador. Sustainability 14(8):4704. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084704
Mendiola-Islas V, Lara C, Corcuera P, Valverde PL (2023) The behavior of Broad-tailed hummingbirds is altered by cycles of human activity in a forested area converted into agricultural land. PeerJ 11:e14953. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14953
Møller AP, Díaz M (2018) Avian preference for close proximity to human habitation and its ecological consequences. Current Zoology 64:623-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zox073
Montenegro-Pazmiño E, Cisneros-Heredia DF (2015) Diversidad de aves en áreas verdes de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Tesis de grado, Universidad San Francisco de Quito. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19741.54249
Noh JK, Echeverria C, Gaona G, Kleemann J, Koo H, Fürst C, Cuenca P (2022) Forest ecosystem fragmentation in Ecuador: Challenges for sustainable land use in the Tropical Andean. Land 11(2):287-287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020287
Ordóñez-Delgado L, Iñiguez-Armijos C, Díaz M, Escudero A, Gosselin E, Waits LP, Espinosa CI (2022) The good, the bad, and the ugly of urbanization: Response of a bird community in the Neotropical Andes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution: 10:844944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.844944
Parés-Ramos IK, Álvarez-Berríos NL, Aide TM (2013) Mapping urbanization dynamics in major cities of Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia using night-time satellite imagery. Land 2(1):37-59. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2010037
Portillo-Quintero CA, Sánchez-Azofeifa GA (2010) Extent and conservation of tropical dry forests in the Americas. Biological Conservation 143(1):144-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.020
Prieto-Torres DA, Nori J, Rojas-Soto OR (2018) Identifying priority conservation areas for birds associated to endangered Neotropical dry forests. Biological Conservation 228: 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.025
Rangel DF, Costa LL, Castro ÍB (2025) Anthropogenic solid waste is ubiquitous in bird nests in coastal multiple use protected areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 215:117910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117910
Reynolds SJ, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Sumasgutner P, Mainwaring MC (2019) Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology 160(3):841-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01657-8
Ridgely RS, Greenfield PJ (2001) The birds of Ecuador, volume 1. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
Rising JD, Jaramillo A, Pantoja-Maggi V (2024) Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Smith MG (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.saffin.01.1
Rivas CA, Guerrero-Casado J, Navarro-Cerillo RM (2021) Deforestation and fragmentation trends of seasonal dry tropical forest in Ecuador: impact on conservation. Forest Ecosystems 8(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-021-00329-5
Rivas CA, Guerrero-Casado J, Navarro-Cerrillo RM (2024) Assessment of habitat connectivity in a highly fragmented ecosystem: The seasonal tropical dry forest in Ecuador. Applied Vegetation Science 27(2):e12770. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12770
Rodewald AD, Kearns LJ, Shustack DP (2013) Consequences of urbanizing landscapes to reproductive performance of birds in remnant forests. Biological Conservation 160:32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.034
Saenz M, Onofa A (2005) Reporte de los ecosistemas terrestres ecuatoriano. Indicadores de biodiversidad para su uso nacional. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador y Ecociencia, Quito. [URL: https://www.scribd.com/document/472516318/Report-SaenzOnofa2005IndicadoresdeBiodiversidadp-1-pdf]
Schulenberg TS, Johnson T (2020) Snowy-throated Kingbird (Tyrannus niveigularis), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sntkin1.01
Schulenberg TS, Stotz DF, Lane DF, O’Neill JP, Parker III TA (2007) Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Pres, Princeton, NJ; USA. Pp. 664
Schulenberg TS, Sedgwick CW (2020) Short-tailed Woodstar (Myrmia micrura), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.shtwoo1.01
Sierra R, Campos F, Chamberlin J (2002) Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador. Landscape and Urban Planning 59(2):95-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(02)00006-3
Soldatini C, Albores-Barajas YV, Mainardi D, Monaghan P (2008) Roof nesting by gulls for better or worse?. Italian Journal of Zoology 75(3):295-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000701884805
Stiles FG., Boesman PFD, Kirwan GM (2020) Green-fronted Lancebill (Doryfera ludovicae), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grflan1.01
Taczanowski L (1884) Ornithologie du Pérou. Volume 2. Oberthur, París
Turner A, Rose C (1989) Swallows & martins: an identification guide and handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Pp. 258
Van Doren BM, Willard DE, Hennen M, Horton KG, Stuber EF, Sheldon D, Sivakumar AH, Wang J, Farnsworth A, Winger BM (2021) Drivers of fatal bird collisions in an urban center. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(24):e2101666118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101666118
Wang Y, Huang Q, Lan S, Zhang Q, Chen S (2015) Common blackbirds Turdus merula use anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in an urbanized landscape. Current Zoology 61(3):435-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.435
Yao X, Cai Y, Ye P, Liang W, Yang C (2023) Nesting preferences of two cavity-nesting Passerines in human houses. Ornithological Science 22(2):179-182. https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.22.179

Cómo citar

Daniel Velasco-Cedeño, Elías Viteri-Basso, Walter Vivas, Ariel Guerrero-Campoverde (2026). Aves en la selva de cemento: uso de sitios de nidificación sobre estructuras antrópicas en el oeste de Ecuador. El Hornero, Vol. 41 Núm. 1 (2026), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v41i1.1538

Descargas

323Visualizaciones del texto completo

2Formatos

Licencia: CC BY-NC 4.0

[1] Afrifa JK, Deikumah JP, Monney KA (2023) Comparative use of artificial structures and natural vegetation by birds in a built-up urban area in Ghana. Avian Conservation and Ecology 18(1):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/ace-02351-180106

[2] Alcívar J, Cornejo X (2022) Neotipificación, descripción del nido y plantas que visita Myrmia micrura (Gould, 1854). Revista Científica Ciencias Naturales y Ambientales 16(1). https://doi.org/10.53591/cna.v16i1.1598

[3] Alexandrino ER, Silva GA, Corbo MC, Demuner BA, Szabo JK (2022) Urban southern House Wren (Troglodytes musculus) nesting in apparently unsuitable human-made structures: is it worth it? Ornitología Neotropical 33(1):44-52. https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v33i1.879

[4] Araneda P, Ohrens O, Ibarra JT (2021) Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human–bird conflicts. Conservation Biology 36(1):e13859. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13859

[5] Armijos-Ojeda D, Székely D, Székely P, Cogălniceanu D, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Ordóñez-Delgado L, Escudero A, Espinosa CI (2021) Amphibians of the equatorial seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 1063:23-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.69580

[6] Baker JL (Ed.) (2012) Climate change, disaster risk, and the urban poor: cities building resilience for a changing world. The World Bank, Washington, DC

[7] Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, de Juana E, Garcia E (2020) Ecuadorian Ground Dove (Columbina buckleyi), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ecgdov1.01

[8] Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, Garcia E, Pantoja-Maggi V (2024a) Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Medrano F (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.eardov1.01.1

[9] Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman PFD, de Juana E, Garcia E (2024b) Croaking Ground Dove (Columbina cruziana), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Medrano F (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.crgdov1.01.1

[10] Barco G, Peralta G, Díaz A, Peluc SI (2024) Características reproductivas de Zenaida auriculata (Aves: Columbidae) en ambientes urbanos de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Ecología Austral 34(1):001-009. https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.3.0.2236

[11] Barrantes G, Sandoval L (2019) Effect of El Niño and La Niña on abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous terrestrial birds in three tropical forests. Revista de Biología Tropical 67(2SUPL):S282-S297. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37252

[12] Barrio J, García-Olaechea D, More A (2015) The avifauna of El Angolo Hunting Reserve, north-west Peru: natural history notes. Bull. British Ornithologists’ Club 135(1). [URL: https://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1351-Barrio.pdf]

[13] Bauerová P, Vinklerová J, Hraníček J, Čorba V, Vojtek L, Svobodová J, Vinkler M (2017) Associations of urban environmental pollution with health-related physiological traits in a free-living bird species. Science of the Total Environment 601-602:1556-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.276

[14] Bonilla Mena A, Rodríguez J, Bayón M, Alvarado S, Cadena C, Durán G, Bone V (2021) Turistificación, renovación urbana y ecología política: contestaciones en tres ciudades de la costa ecuatoriana. Cahiers Des Amériques Latines 97:39-65. https://doi.org/10.4000/cal.13099

[15] Callaghan CT, Mesaglio T, Ascher JS, Brooks TM, Cabras AA, Chandler M, Cornwell WK, Ríos-Málaver IC, Dankowicz E, Dhiya’ulhaq NU, Fuller RA, Galindo-Leal C, Grattarola F, Hewitt S, Higgins L, Hitchcock C, Hung K-LJ, Iwane T, Kahumbu P, Kendrick R, Kieschnick SR, Kunz G, Lee CC, Lin C-T, Loarie S, Medina MN, McGrouther MA, Miles L, Modi S, Nowak K, Oktaviani R, Waswala Olewe BM, Pagé J, Petrovan S, Saari C, Seltzer CE, Seregin AP, Sullivan JJ, Sumanapala AP, Takoukam A, Widness J, Willmott K, Wüster W, Young AN (2022) The benefits of contributing to the citizen science platform iNaturalist as an identifier. PLOS Biology 20(11):e3001843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001843

[16] Carvajal R, Alava JJ (2007) Mangrove wetlands conservation project and the shrimp farming industry in Ecuador: Lessons learned. World Aquaculture – Baton Rouge 38(3):14

[17] Chace JF, Walsh JJ (2006) Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74:46-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007

[18] Chapman FM (1926) The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 55:1-784. [URL: https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/fc006918-8c73-4cad-9634-bca00f860c24/download]

[19] Cisneros-Heredia DF (2006) Notes on breeding, behaviour and distribution of some birds in Ecuador. Bulletin-British Ornithologists Club 126(2):153

[20] Clavel J, Julliard R Devictor V (2010) Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9(4):222-228. https://doi.org/10.1890/080216

[21] Cody ML (2020) Long-tailed Mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.lotmoc1.01

[22] Collar N, Boesman PFD, Kirwan GM (2020) Pacific Parrotlet (Forpus coelestis), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pacpar2.01

[23] Coronel Poma MS, Sánchez Cuenca DN (2022) Estrategias de intervención por medio del espacio público y las prácticas del habitar para mitigar impactos ambientales del crecimiento urbano desregulado en Puerto Bolívar, Machala, Ecuador. URBE. Arquitectura, Ciudad Y Territorio 14:77-94. https://doi.org/10.29393/UR14-5EIMD20005

[24] Cuesta F, Peralvo M, Merino-Viteri A, Bustamante M, Baquero F, Freile JF, Muriel P, Torres-Carvajal O (2017) Priority areas for biodiversity conservation in mainland Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity 3(1):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1295705

[25] Curillo SB, Hidalgo RR (2011) Ampliación del perímetro urbano de la conurbación de Manta. Revista Cartográfica (87):101

[26] Dalmasso É, Fillón P (1972) Aspectos de la organización espacial del Ecuador. Revista Mexicana de Sociología 34:75-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3539349

[27] Dayer AA (2020) Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bawswa1.01

[28] Delgado A (2013) Guayaquil. Cities 31:515-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.001

[29] Díaz EA, Sáenz C, Vega Y, Rubio E, González G, Zug R, Zapata-Ríos G (2023) Dog and cat-related attacks on wildlife in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador: an integrative approach to reduce the impact. Ecosystems and People 19(1):2191735. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2023.2191735

[30] Dodson CH, Gentry AH (1991) Biological extinction in Western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(2):273-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399563

[31] Farwell LS, Marzluff JM (2013) A new bully on the block: Does urbanization promote Bewick’s wren (Thryomanes bewickii) aggressive exclusion of Pacific wrens (Troglodytes pacificus)? Biological Conservation 161:128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.03.017

[32] Grant PR, Grant BR, Keller LF, Petren K (2000) Effects of El Niño events on Darwin’s Finch productivity. Ecology 81(9):2442-2457. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2442:eoenoe]2.0.co;2

[33] Grogan I (2000) Breeding the White-breasted Amazilia Amazilia amazilia leucophoea. Avicultural Magazine 106(4):157-164

[34] Hamilton SE, Stankwitz C (2012) Examining the relationship between international aid and mangrove deforestation in coastal Ecuador from 1970 to 2006. Journal of Land Use Science 7(2):177-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2010.550694

[35] Hatch JJ (1996) Threats to public health from gulls (Laridae). International Journal of Environmental Health Research 6:5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603129609356867

[36] Hilty SL, Brown WL (1986) A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA

[37] Ingels J, Greeney HF (2011) A comparative look at the nest and eggs of the Ecuadorian and Croaking Ground-Doves (Columbina buckleyi and Columbina cruziana) in Ecuador. Boletín SAO 20(2):56-60

[38] Instituto Geográfico Militar (2022) Cartografía base del Ecuador 1:50000. Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. [URL: https://www.geoportaligm.gob.ec/] (02/06/2025)

[39] Kirwan GM, Remsen JV Jr, de Juana E (2023) Pacific Hornero (Furnarius cinnamomeus), version 1.0. En: Billerman SM, Keeney BK (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.palhor4.01

[40] Lager MT (2023) ¿El turismo como estrategia de desarrollo? Un análisis empírico desde la costa ecuatoriana. El caso de la comuna ancestral Olón. Investigaciones Turísticas 26:162-182. https://doi.org/10.14198/inturi.22633

[41] Lato KA, Thorne LH, Fuirst M, Brownawell BJ (2021) Microplastic abundance in gull nests in relation to urbanization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 164:112058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112058

[42] León-E RJ, Guerrero-Campoverde A, Dávila-Játiva M (2024) On the use of anthropogenic materials in nest building of House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), a report from Parque Los Algarrobos, Cumbayá, Ecuador. Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías 16(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v16i1.3169

[43] Lessmann J, Muñoz J, Bonaccorso E (2014) Maximizing species conservation in continental Ecuador: a case of systematic conservation planning for biodiverse regions. Ecology and Evolution 4(12):2410-2422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1102

[44] Lippe M, Rummel L, Günter S (2022) Simulating land use and land cover change under contrasting levels of policy enforcement and its spatially-explicit impact on tropical forest landscapes in Ecuador. Land Use Policy 119:106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106207

[45] MAE (2013) Mapa de ecosistemas de Ecuador continental. [URL: http://mapainteractivo.ambiente.gob.ec/portal/documentos/metadatos/metadato_ecosistemas_actualizado_26012018.pdf]

[46] Mainwaring MC (2015) The use of man-made structures as nesting sites by birds: A review of the costs and benefits. Journal for Nature Conservation 25:17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.007

[47] Malekan IS (2020) Chestnut-collared Swallow (Petrochelidon rufocollaris), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chcswa2.01

[48] Manchego CE, Hildebrandt P, Cueva J, Espinosa CI, Stimm B, Günter S (2017) Climate change versus deforestation: Implications for tree species distribution in the dry forests of southern Ecuador. PLOS One 12(12):e0190092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190092

[49] Marchant S (1960) The breeding of some S.W. Ecuadorian birds. Ibis 102:584-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07134.x

[50] Martin TE (1993) Nest predation and nest sites. BioScience 43(8):523-532. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311947

[51] Marzluff JM (2001) Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. En: Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R (Eds.) Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer US, Boston, MA. Pp. 19-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_2

[52] McKinney ML (2008) Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban ecosystems, 11(2):161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4

[53] Mena CF, Benitez FL, Sampedro C, Martinez P, Quispe A, Laituri M (2022) Modeling urban growth and the impacts of climate change: The case of Esmeraldas City, Ecuador. Sustainability 14(8):4704. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084704

[54] Mendiola-Islas V, Lara C, Corcuera P, Valverde PL (2023) The behavior of Broad-tailed hummingbirds is altered by cycles of human activity in a forested area converted into agricultural land. PeerJ 11:e14953. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14953

[55] Møller AP, Díaz M (2018) Avian preference for close proximity to human habitation and its ecological consequences. Current Zoology 64:623-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zox073

[56] Montenegro-Pazmiño E, Cisneros-Heredia DF (2015) Diversidad de aves en áreas verdes de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Tesis de grado, Universidad San Francisco de Quito. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19741.54249

[57] Noh JK, Echeverria C, Gaona G, Kleemann J, Koo H, Fürst C, Cuenca P (2022) Forest ecosystem fragmentation in Ecuador: Challenges for sustainable land use in the Tropical Andean. Land 11(2):287-287. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020287

[58] Ordóñez-Delgado L, Iñiguez-Armijos C, Díaz M, Escudero A, Gosselin E, Waits LP, Espinosa CI (2022) The good, the bad, and the ugly of urbanization: Response of a bird community in the Neotropical Andes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution: 10:844944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.844944

[59] Parés-Ramos IK, Álvarez-Berríos NL, Aide TM (2013) Mapping urbanization dynamics in major cities of Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia using night-time satellite imagery. Land 2(1):37-59. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2010037

[60] Portillo-Quintero CA, Sánchez-Azofeifa GA (2010) Extent and conservation of tropical dry forests in the Americas. Biological Conservation 143(1):144-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.020

[61] Prieto-Torres DA, Nori J, Rojas-Soto OR (2018) Identifying priority conservation areas for birds associated to endangered Neotropical dry forests. Biological Conservation 228: 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.025

[62] Rangel DF, Costa LL, Castro ÍB (2025) Anthropogenic solid waste is ubiquitous in bird nests in coastal multiple use protected areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 215:117910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117910

[63] Reynolds SJ, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Sumasgutner P, Mainwaring MC (2019) Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology 160(3):841-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01657-8

[64] Ridgely RS, Greenfield PJ (2001) The birds of Ecuador, volume 1. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY

[65] Rising JD, Jaramillo A, Pantoja-Maggi V (2024) Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola), version 1.1. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, Smith MG (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.saffin.01.1

[66] Rivas CA, Guerrero-Casado J, Navarro-Cerillo RM (2021) Deforestation and fragmentation trends of seasonal dry tropical forest in Ecuador: impact on conservation. Forest Ecosystems 8(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-021-00329-5

[67] Rivas CA, Guerrero-Casado J, Navarro-Cerrillo RM (2024) Assessment of habitat connectivity in a highly fragmented ecosystem: The seasonal tropical dry forest in Ecuador. Applied Vegetation Science 27(2):e12770. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12770

[68] Rodewald AD, Kearns LJ, Shustack DP (2013) Consequences of urbanizing landscapes to reproductive performance of birds in remnant forests. Biological Conservation 160:32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.034

[69] Saenz M, Onofa A (2005) Reporte de los ecosistemas terrestres ecuatoriano. Indicadores de biodiversidad para su uso nacional. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador y Ecociencia, Quito. [URL: https://www.scribd.com/document/472516318/Report-SaenzOnofa2005IndicadoresdeBiodiversidadp-1-pdf]

[70] Schulenberg TS, Johnson T (2020) Snowy-throated Kingbird (Tyrannus niveigularis), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sntkin1.01

[71] Schulenberg TS, Stotz DF, Lane DF, O’Neill JP, Parker III TA (2007) Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Pres, Princeton, NJ; USA. Pp. 664

[72] Schulenberg TS, Sedgwick CW (2020) Short-tailed Woodstar (Myrmia micrura), version 1.0. En: Schulenberg TS (Ed.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.shtwoo1.01

[73] Sierra R, Campos F, Chamberlin J (2002) Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador. Landscape and Urban Planning 59(2):95-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(02)00006-3

[74] Soldatini C, Albores-Barajas YV, Mainardi D, Monaghan P (2008) Roof nesting by gulls for better or worse?. Italian Journal of Zoology 75(3):295-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000701884805

[75] Stiles FG., Boesman PFD, Kirwan GM (2020) Green-fronted Lancebill (Doryfera ludovicae), version 1.0. En: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grflan1.01

[76] Taczanowski L (1884) Ornithologie du Pérou. Volume 2. Oberthur, París

[77] Turner A, Rose C (1989) Swallows & martins: an identification guide and handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Pp. 258

[78] Van Doren BM, Willard DE, Hennen M, Horton KG, Stuber EF, Sheldon D, Sivakumar AH, Wang J, Farnsworth A, Winger BM (2021) Drivers of fatal bird collisions in an urban center. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(24):e2101666118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101666118

[79] Wang Y, Huang Q, Lan S, Zhang Q, Chen S (2015) Common blackbirds Turdus merula use anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in an urbanized landscape. Current Zoology 61(3):435-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.435

[80] Yao X, Cai Y, Ye P, Liang W, Yang C (2023) Nesting preferences of two cavity-nesting Passerines in human houses. Ornithological Science 22(2):179-182. https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.22.179