Number the cover as the first page. It must contain (in that order):

1. The full title of the work in the original and alternative language (English or Spanish) in regular typography; keep the title as short as possible;
2. Name of the authors;
3. Institutional affiliation and postal address of each author at the time the work was carried out, identifying the author with whom contact will be maintained during the editorial process;
4. Author's email address from which readers can request copies of the work once published;
5. Current postal address of each author if this is different from that stated in (3);
6. Short title, up to 50 characters, including spaces.

The abstract in the original language of the work should be numbered as the second page, and the abstract in the alternative language as the third.

The abstract should be concise and informative rather than descriptive and should be understood without referring to the text of the work. Remember that the abstract is usually what most of your readers will read; therefore, it must be prepared with care and dedication. Include the purpose of the study, the most important results, and the main conclusions. The abstract must be written in a paragraph of up to 250 words (in articles) or less than 200 (in communications). Do not include statistical information or bibliographic references in the summary.

The abstract in the alternative language must be a faithful translation of the abstract in the original language of the work. Include between four and eight keywords (and their corresponding English keywords) following the corresponding abstract alphabetically. Choose your keywords carefully; remember that a good choice will make it easier for a potential reader of your article to find it in the index of the journal.

Start the main text on page 4. Write with precision, clarity and economy. Try to use active voice in the first person. Some generalities:

• When first mentioning a species, both in the abstract and the text, use full scientific names even if they are already present in the title. Generic names can be abbreviated to a letter (or two if necessary) as long as it does not lead to confusion.
• Only include sub-specific identification if it is pertinent and has been critically determined. Scientific nomenclature has to follow the one used by the South American Classification Committee (American Ornithological Society). When using other nomenclature, there has to be a justification in the text, and the correspondent authority must be cited. Use the Mazar Barnett and Pearman list for common names of Argentinean birds.
• The first time the name of a species is cited, it will be designated by its common name in capital letters, followed by the scientific name in italics, in parentheses and without the name or date of the authors. For example, indicate Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) in English texts and Cardenal Amarillo (Gubernatrix cristata) in Spanish texts. On subsequent occasions where the same species' name is cited, it will be designated only by the common name. Note that the common names of the birds are capitalised (e.g., Eastern Kingbird, but general mentions are not (e.g., "the kingbird").
• Use words in italics (and never underlined) exclusively for scientific names, to refer to other sections of the work (e.g., "see Methods" or "shown in Results") and for the following Latin terms: in vivo, in vitro, in utero, in situ, ad libitum, a priori and a posteriori. The expressions "e.g.," (for example), "i.e.," (that is) and "et al." (and collaborators) must be used without italics. Do not use bold.
• Use "." (dot) as a decimal symbol—separate numbers in thousands using a space when the number is more significant than 9999. Use a leading zero (on the left) for all numbers less than 1, including probability values (e.g., P < 0.001). Do not use more than three decimals after the zero unless it is an estimation that requires it. Numbers zero to nine must be written in letters, except when they accompany units of measurement, time or percentages (e.g., two thrushes, 12 penguins, 4g, 5 days, 3.5%). If the numbers are in a series with at least one number equal to or greater than 10, then write all with numbers (e.g., 6 males and 13 females). At the beginning of the sentence, always write the number in letters (e.g., "Thirty-two coots...").
• Use the 24-hour time format, with ":" (colon) as the separator (for example, 3:45 p.m.). Use day, month, and year as the date format (for example, June 22, 1996). Remember that the names of the months are written in lowercase in Spanish. Month names may be abbreviated with their first three letters and capitalised (e.g., May, Aug) in tables and figures. Write the full years (e.g., 1994–1999). With rare exceptions, the geographical coordinates of your study area must be indicated following the format: 34º03'S, 67º54'W.
• Define all symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms the first time they are used, but minimise their use so as not to require the reader to memorise them and make reading the article more pleasant. In the text, when a single unit appears as a denominator, write it as a quotient (e.g., g/m2). For two or more units in the denominator, use negative exponents (for example, g.m-2.h-1).
• Use the international metric system (SI). Use "L" instead of "l" for litres. Use "h" for hours, "min" for minutes, "s" for seconds, and do not abbreviate "day." Abbreviate "meters above sea level" as "masl".
• Temperatures must be expressed in degrees Celsius (e.g., 46°C).
• Mathematical expressions must be represented carefully. When possible, write the formulas in their final format (the equation editor included in Word or WordPerfect can be used); if not, write them in a way that is sufficiently understandable so that they can be altered when giving them their final layout during collation (e.g., use underlining for the fractional line, with the numerator and denominator written on different lines).
• Use the following statistical abbreviations in italics: n, x, y, x, P, r, R2, F, G, t, Z and U (for all symbols for variables and constants). Symbols should appear in italics in illustrations to be consistent with the text. Use the following statistical and mathematical abbreviations in regular letters (without italics): ln, e, exp, max, min, lim, SD, SE, CV, df, ANOVA, ns, c2 (and, in general, all Greek letters ). The names of statistical tests are usually in capital letters.
• Each table and figure must be cited at least once in the text and numbered according to their order of appearance. Use "Fig.", "Figs.", "Table" or "Tables" when referencing them in parentheses (e.g., Fig. 2, Tables 1 and 2), but use the colloquial forms "figure", "figures", "table", or "tables" in the main text (e.g., "in figure 2", "as tables 1 and 2").
• Cite the bibliography in the text without using commas between author and year when in parentheses, using "&" between two authors, "et al." when there are more than two (remember that "al." always has a period), and commas between different quotes from the same or other authors (e.g., Wiens 1989, 1999, Wiens & Rotenberry 1991, Wiens et al. 1993).
• Multiple citations must be arranged chronologically (not alphabetically). When more than one work by the same author is cited, they must be together (as in the previous example). Use lowercase letters to distinguish works by the same author in the same year (e.g., Wiens and Rotenberry 1980a, 1980b). The same distinction must appear in the Cited Bibliography.
• References to specific pages of a work should be made detailing the numbers after the year (e.g., Wiens 1983:400); the reference in the bibliography must refer to the complete work. Do not use the expressions "in litt." and "op. cit.".
• Manuscripts accepted for publication but not yet published should be cited as "in press," and unpublished material as "unpublished data," "pers. obs." (personal observation) or "pers. comm." (personal communication), in all cases indicating the name of the responsible.

Organisation: Organize the text into sections with internal headings of up to three hierarchical levels

• Type level 1 headings (upper case) and level 2 headings (lower case) on separate lines from the rest of the text. Level 3 headings must be in italics in the same paragraph as the text below. Try to make titles short enough to fit in one column (30 characters - including spaces - for level 1 titles and 40 characters for level 2 titles). The recommended level 1 titles are (respecting the order) Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, and Cited Bibliography. The first section of the text (introduction), which does not have a title, must include the purpose and significance of the study and must frame it in the current state of knowledge of the topic.
• Communications may or may not be organised into sections with internal titles.

Sections: Make your goals explicit. Think that including your data in a pre-existing theoretical body and a hypothetical-deductive scheme will make your work more attractive.

• Methods: This section should give the reader enough information so that your research can be critically evaluated. The study area can be described within this section. Use the section to describe the data collection procedures and their statistical analysis. In general, you should avoid developing the characteristics of the statistical test and how it proceeds operationally in the text. It is sufficient to explain the reasons for your choice and provide relevant citations from the literature.
• Results: This section should include only the results obtained based on the objectives, questions, or hypotheses advanced in the introductory paragraph, which will be developed in the discussion. Do not include the same information in tables or figures in the text. Be explicit about sample sizes, the degrees of freedom, the statistics' values, and the probability values ​​of the statistical analyses performed. Indicate which variables you are referring to. Whenever possible, accompany the average values ​​with their corresponding measures of dispersion (SE or SD).
• Discussion: It is helpful to begin this section with one or two short sentences describing the main results of your study. The discussion should then develop the meaning and importance of those results, especially concerning previous research. The discussion should follow the logical outline of the objectives, questions, or hypotheses presented in the introductory section and the presentation of those results. In general, results and additional analyses should not be presented in this section; include them in the results section.
• Acknowledgments: They should be brief, specific, and limited to direct contributions to the manuscript and research. Mention only the names of the people you thank; do not include institutional affiliation.
• Cited Bibliography: Review each citation in the text and your bibliography list before submitting the manuscript to ensure that they match precisely (authors and date) and comply with the required format. Each article cited in the text must be included in the Cited Bibliography section and vice versa. Check all your citations with the sources, especially the publication titles, volume and page numbers, and year of publication. Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al.” when there are more than three authors will also be accepted.

• Citations should be arranged alphabetically. In the case of complex surnames and another language, the capital letter indicates the correct alphabetical order (e.g., A Di Giacomo in the "D", but M de la Peña in the "P"). When references are with the same authors, they must be ordered chronologically. If there is more than one reference with one or more identical authors, they must be arranged chronologically in the alphabetical order given by the subsequent authors.
• For works that have been accepted and will be published (in the process of publication), use "in press" to replace the date and consider it the most recent publication in chronological order, indicating the journal's name.
• Citations should not have a final stop.
• Do not include summaries, unpublished material, or reports that are not widely disseminated and easily accessible in the cited bibliography.
• Cite the full title of the books in italics and lowercase. Always include the name of the publisher and the city where it was published, both in regular font. Do not include the total number of pages.
• Use "in" after pages in book chapters, regardless of the language of the chapter cited. The names of the book editors must be mentioned in the same format as the authors of the articles. Include the name of the editorial and city of publication, both in regular font. Do not include the total number of pages.
• If available, always include DOI as full DOI links in your reference list (for example, “https://doi.org/abc”).

Article citations must have the following format:

• Cite within the text:
• One author (Last name year) | (Jahn 2010)
• Two authors (First author's last name & second author's last name year) | (Jauregui & Segura 2021)
• Three or more authors (Last name of first author et al. year) | (Quintela et al. 2018)
• Reference format:
• Author's last name initial (Year) Title of the article. Name of the journal volume, number (month/season), page range of the article. DOI | Lera D, Cozzani N, Canale A, Tella JL, Zalba S (2022) Variaciones interanuales y cambios estacionales en la abundancia de una población urbana de Loro Barranquero (Cyanoliseus patagonus) en el sudoeste bonaerense. El Hornero 37 (2):173-181. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.408

Citations from books, chapters, proceedings, theses (and other material) should have the following format:

• Citation within the text: Apply the same format as the citation for articles
• Book: Author's last name initial (Year) Title of the book. Publisher, place of publication | Sargatal J (eds) (1997) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volúmen 3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
• Book chapter: Author’s last name initial (Year) Chapter title. In: Editores (eds) Book title. Editorial, place of publication, pp page range | Fuller MR, Mosher JA (1987) Raptor survey techniques. En: Pendelton BAF, Millsap BA, Cline KW Bird DM (eds) Raptor management techniques manual. National Wildlife Federation, Washington D.C, pp 37-66

Citation from an eBird range map:

• Within the text: (platform year of map consultation) | The southern limit of the distribution of the Rufous Hornero is the north of Chubut (eBird 2020)
• Reference format: eBird (year) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (day/month/year of web access) | eBird (2018) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (23/05/2022)

General information obtained from the eBird platform:

• eBird (2020) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance (web application). eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca (URL: http://www.ebird.org)

List information or specific reference in eBird:

• Within the text: (platform: last name year) | (eBird: Gorleri 2018)
• Reference format: Observer last name 1 first name initial (list year) eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/LIST NUMBER. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (day/month/year of observation) | Gorleri F (2018) eBird Checklist: http://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S49400586. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance (web application). eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http://www.ebird.org (22/10/2018)

Citation from an observation in EcoRegistros:

• Within the text: (platform: last name year) | Previously reported for the area (EcoRegistros: Bielsa 1992)
• Reference format: Observer last name 1 first name initial. (year of observation). Common name of the observed species (scientific name). EcoRegistros [URL: full address of the web page that refers to the mentioned observation] | Example: Bielsa M (1992). Large Anambé (Pachyramphus validus). EcoRegistros [URL: http://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=374493]

Citation from a record in Xeno-Canto:

• Reference format: Observer last name 1 first name initial. (year of recording). Xeno-Canto: https:/www.xenocanto.org/NUMEROdeREFERENCIA Ejemplo: Scocco I (2004). Xeno-Canto: https://www.xeno-canto.org/565158

• Tables and figures must be understood without reading the main text. Do not include information that is not discussed in the manuscript. Do not repeat the same information in tables and figures; a figure is preferable if both are equally clear. Check that the numbers (always Arabic) match their reference in the text. The legends of tables and figures must be exhaustive; always include information about where the data was obtained or what taxa they refer to. The style of all the legends of the work must be similar.
• Each table must begin on a new, numbered page, following its legend. The tables must be double-spaced, like the rest of the manuscript and the legends. They should be as simple as possible. Do not use an excessive number of decimal digits; this should follow the precision of the measure. Try to avoid subdividing tables into two or more parts. Do not use vertical lines, and try to minimise the use of horizontal lines within the table. Include horizontal lines above and below the column headings and at the end of the table. You can use the tables published in the magazine as a guide. The tables must be prepared in table format using the word processor. When not possible, separate each field or data with tabs (and never with spaces). Its assembly for column width (70 mm) is preferable to the page width (145 mm).
• Each figure should occupy a separate, numbered page following a page containing all the captions (titled "Figure Captions"). Figures should not be inside boxes; try to minimise the number of lines (e.g., avoid the top and right lines in a regular x-y graph). Do not add titles on charts. Symbol clues or other explanations should be included textually in the legend (i.e., do not include the symbols themselves in the heading, only their reference), except when it is difficult to describe them. Colours are recommended for the figures. Avoid shades of grey, or use them as different as possible (only 50%, 25%, 50% and 75%). The use of tones and shadows, particularly within boxes, presents significant difficulties for assembly and printing. Preferred symbols are black or white (open) circles, squares, and triangles. Symbols used in a graphic should have approximately a final size of 1.5 mm. The nomenclature, abbreviations, symbols and units used in a figure must match those used in the text (including italics). All figures must be in the same style. Do not use three-dimensional graphics unless your use is justified by the type of data you represent. On maps, include North, graphic scale, and geographic coordinates. The assembly for column width (70 mm) is preferable to page width (145 mm). Figures can be sent in larger sizes but must be designed in their final size, with an 8-point font size for the axes, in Arial font with uppercase letters (and lowercase for units). Avoid using too many values when designing the axes.
• Include the figures in your word processor file, pasting or inserting each into a separate sheet (e.g., in Windows, you can copy and paste via the Clipboard) in WMF ("Windows Metafile") or "Image" format. For example, in MS Word for Windows, you can (1) copy them into the original program and paste them with the "Edit/Paste Special..." command, choosing "Image" as the paste format, or (2) create a file with the image in WMF, available as "Export" or "Save As..." options in most graphics packages, and inserted into the word processor with the "Insert/Image/From File..." command. As detailed above, the image must be at its final size (preferably 70mm). Make sure the image in the word processor matches what you want (e.g., the size of letters and symbols), as this is how it will look in the printed version; designing it to that size in the source program makes this process easier. If the figure was prepared in Excel, Corel, Inkscape Draw, Statistica for Windows, Sigma Plot, KyPlot or similar, in addition to the word processor version, please also send the original files of the figures.
• If, for some reason, you are unable to follow any of these procedures, you can "paste" the figures or insert them into the word processor file as a bitmap file (TIFF format is preferred; GIF, PCX, or BMP are also acceptable ) of 600 dpi, in greyscale (8 bits) and with its estimated final size (preferably for a column width of 70 mm; but never more than 145 mm wide). You can get the bitmap from the original application (graphics packages usually have this export option) or by "scanning" a good-quality print of your figure. Please also send the original file separately. Sending uncompressed TIFF files is preferred, but if the file is large, you can send compressed versions (LZW, ZIP, ARJ).
• For figures that consist of more than one part (e.g., parts a, b and c), please provide the different parts separately (i.e., paste or insert them separately on the same word processor page) since the components of the figure may require some modification of their relative position. Each figure should be centred on a different page and in its final size and orientation.
• Photographs should only be included if they provide information essential to understanding the article. They must be "clear" and with high contrast. Name and number them as if they were figures. They must be sent as files, "scanned" in grayscale (8 bits) at least 300 dpi, preferably for one column width (70 mm). Save them as TIFF (.tif) or GIF (.gif) files, available as export formats in most graphics and "scanning" packages. Uncompressed TIFF files are preferable, but if the file is large, you can send compressed versions (LZW, ZIP, ARJ).
• All figures must be attached as independent files when sending the manuscript, either by Scholastica or email.

If you need help applying some of these procedures, email the editor (elhornero@avesargentinas.org.ar) for help or clarification.