Biología y conservación del Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en Argentina

Sergio A. Lambertucci

doi:10.56178/eh.v22i2.760

Articles Published 01 December 2007 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v22i2.760

Biology and conservation of the Andean Condor in Argentina

Andean Condor Argentina Cathartidae conservation vulnerability Vultur gryphus

Sergio A. Lambertucci Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICET. Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

Abstract

The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is currently distributed along western South America. Although it is considered a near threatened species, included in CITES I, little is known about many aspects of its biology. Here, I present a review of the biology and conservation status of the Andean Condor, focusing on the available information for Argentina. I also suggest research needs to promote its conservation. The Andean Condor populations have been critically reduced in the northern portion of its distributional range. Southern populations are healthier but some signs of retraction still remain. This species has one of the lowest reproductive rates and highest survival rates among birds. Behavioural characteristics (large aggregations to feed and roost) make the Andean Condor very vulnerable to environmental disturbances that may cause a massive loss of individuals, considering that it has a slow demographic response. Some of the current threats to condors include the false belief that it is a hunter species, poisoning and lead consumption, electrocution, furtive hunting, competition for food, and traps, among others. It is necessary to estimate population numbers and trends as well as survival rates, to weigh up the mortality factors, to detect important areas for the species, and to determine the distribution and availability of food in each country. The biology of the Andean Condor together with the lack of knowledge and the human caused threats create a dangerous combination for its survival.

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References

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ALVARENGA HMF (1998) Sobre a ocorrência do condor(Vultur gryphus) no Holoceno da região de LagoaSanta, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ararajuba 6:60–63
AMADON D (1964) The evolution of low reproductiverates in birds. Evolution 18:105–110
AMADON D (1977) Notes on the taxonomy of vultures.Condor 79:413–416
ASTORE V (2001) Estudio de la capacidad de vuelo delCóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en Patagonia argenti-na, y análisis comparativo de metodologías utilizadas parasu seguimiento a campo en Sudamérica. Tesis de Licen-ciatura, Universidad CAECE, Buenos Aires
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BALASCH J, MUSQUERA S, PALACIOS L, JIMÉNEZ M YPALOMEQUE J (1976) Comparative haematology ofsome falconiforms. Condor 78:258–273
BEISSINGER SR (2000) Ecological mechanisms of extinc-tion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences97:11688–11689
BELTRÁN J (1992) Proyecto Cóndor: antecedentes, resulta-dos y conclusiones. Boletín Técnico 7, Fundación VidaSilvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Threatened birds of theworld 2004. BirdLife International, Cambridge
BURKART R (2005) Las áreas protegidas de la Argentina.Pp. 399–404 en: BROWN A, MARTÍNEZ ORTIZ U, ACERBIM Y CORCUERA J (eds) La situación ambiental argentina2005. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires
BUTCHART SHM, STATTERSFIELD A, BENNUN LA, SHUTESSM, AKÇAKAYA HR, BAILLIE JEM, STUART SN, HILTON-TAILOR C Y MACE GM (2004) Measuring global trendsin the status of biodiversity: red list indices for birds.PLoS Biology 2:e383
CALCHI R Y VILORIA AL (1991) Occurrence of theAndean Condor in the Perijá mountains of Vene-zuela. Wilson Bulletin 103:720–722
CASTELLANOS A (1923) Cómo cazan los cóndores,Vultur gryphus (Linnaeus). Hornero 3:89–90
CHEBEZ JC (1999) Los que se van: especies argentinas enpeligro. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires
COPPOLILLO P, GÓMEZ H, MAISELS F Y WALLACE R (2004)Selection criteria for suites of landscape species as abasis for site-based conservation. Biological Conser-vation 115:419–430
CUELLO JP (1988) Lista de las aves fósiles de la RegiónNeotropical y de las islas antillanas. Paula-Coutiana2:3–79
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DEKKER D (1967) Hand-rearing the Andean condorat Amsterdam Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook7:227–228
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LAMBERTUCCI SA Y MASTRANTUONI OA (2008) Breed-ing behavior of a pair of free-living Andean Con-dors. Journal of Field Ornithology 79:147–151
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How to cite

Sergio A. Lambertucci (2007). Biology and conservation of the Andean Condor in Argentina. El Hornero, Vol. 22 No. 2 (2007), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v22i2.760

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[1] ADAMS S (1907) An experience with the South Ameri-can Condor. Condor 9:44–48

[2] ALVARENGA HMF (1998) Sobre a ocorrência do condor(Vultur gryphus) no Holoceno da região de LagoaSanta, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ararajuba 6:60–63

[3] AMADON D (1964) The evolution of low reproductiverates in birds. Evolution 18:105–110

[4] AMADON D (1977) Notes on the taxonomy of vultures.Condor 79:413–416

[5] ASTORE V (2001) Estudio de la capacidad de vuelo delCóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en Patagonia argenti-na, y análisis comparativo de metodologías utilizadas parasu seguimiento a campo en Sudamérica. Tesis de Licen-ciatura, Universidad CAECE, Buenos Aires

[6] AVISE JC, NELSON WS Y SIBLEY CG (1994) DNA se-quence support for a close phylogenetic relation-ship between some storks and New World Vultures.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences91:5173–5177

[7] BALASCH J, MUSQUERA S, PALACIOS L, JIMÉNEZ M YPALOMEQUE J (1976) Comparative haematology ofsome falconiforms. Condor 78:258–273

[8] BEISSINGER SR (2000) Ecological mechanisms of extinc-tion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences97:11688–11689

[9] BELTRÁN J (1992) Proyecto Cóndor: antecedentes, resulta-dos y conclusiones. Boletín Técnico 7, Fundación VidaSilvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

[10] BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Threatened birds of theworld 2004. BirdLife International, Cambridge

[11] BURKART R (2005) Las áreas protegidas de la Argentina.Pp. 399–404 en: BROWN A, MARTÍNEZ ORTIZ U, ACERBIM Y CORCUERA J (eds) La situación ambiental argentina2005. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

[12] BUTCHART SHM, STATTERSFIELD A, BENNUN LA, SHUTESSM, AKÇAKAYA HR, BAILLIE JEM, STUART SN, HILTON-TAILOR C Y MACE GM (2004) Measuring global trendsin the status of biodiversity: red list indices for birds.PLoS Biology 2:e383

[13] CALCHI R Y VILORIA AL (1991) Occurrence of theAndean Condor in the Perijá mountains of Vene-zuela. Wilson Bulletin 103:720–722

[14] CASTELLANOS A (1923) Cómo cazan los cóndores,Vultur gryphus (Linnaeus). Hornero 3:89–90

[15] CHEBEZ JC (1999) Los que se van: especies argentinas enpeligro. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires

[16] COPPOLILLO P, GÓMEZ H, MAISELS F Y WALLACE R (2004)Selection criteria for suites of landscape species as abasis for site-based conservation. Biological Conser-vation 115:419–430

[17] CUELLO JP (1988) Lista de las aves fósiles de la RegiónNeotropical y de las islas antillanas. Paula-Coutiana2:3–79

[18] CUESTA MR (2000) Memorias de la Primera Reunión In-ternacional de Especialistas en Cóndor Andino (Vulturgryphus). WWF y Fundación Bioandina, Mérida

[19] DEKKER D (1967) Hand-rearing the Andean condorat Amsterdam Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook7:227–228

[20] DONÁZAR JA Y FEIJÓO JE (2002) Social structure ofAndean Condor roosts: influence of sex, age, andseason. Condor 104: 832–837

[21] DONÁZAR JA, TRAVAINI A, CEVALLOS O, RODRÍGUEZ A,DELIBES M E HIRALDO F (1999) Effects of sex-associ-ated competitive asymmetries on foraging groupstructure and despotic distribution in Andean Con-dors. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45:55–65

[22] EMSLIE SD (1987) Age and diet of fossil Californiancondor in Gran Canyon, Arizona. Science 237:768–770

[23] EMSLIE SD (1988) The fossil history and phylogeneticrelationships of Condors (Ciconiiformes: Vultur-idae) in the New World. Journal of Vertebrate Paleon-tology 8:212–228

[24] ERICSON PG, ANDERSON CL, BRITTON T, ELZANOWSKIA, JOHANSSON US, KÄLLERSJÖ M, OHLSON JI, PARSONSTJ, ZUCCON D Y MAYR G (2006) Diversification ofNeoaves: integration of molecular sequence dataand fossils. Biology Letters 2:543–547

[25] FERGUSON-LEES J Y CHRISTIE DA (2001) Raptors of theworld. Christopher Helm, Londres

[26] FISHER HI (1942) The pterylosis of the Andean condor.Condor 44:30–32

[27] GAILEY J Y BOLWIG N (1973) Observations on thebehavior of the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus).Condor 75:60–68

[28] GEE GF, CARPENTER JW Y HENSLER L (1981) Speciesdifferences in haematological values of captivecranes, raptors and quail. Journal of Wildlife Manage-ment 45:463–483GLADE AA (1988) Libro rojo de los vertebrados terrestresde Chile. CONAF, Santiago

[29] GREEN RE, NEWTON I, SHULTZ S, CUNNINGHAM AA,GILBERT M, PAIN D Y PRAKASH V (2004) Diclofenacpoisoning as a cause of vulture population declinesacross the Indian subcontinent. Journal of AppliedEcology 41:793–800

[30] GROOM MJ (2006) Threats to biodiversity. Pp. 63–109en: GROOM MJ, MEFFE GK Y CARROLL CR (eds) Prin-ciples of conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland

[31] HENDRICKSON SL, BLEIWEISS R, MATHEUS JC, SILVADEMATHEUS L, JÁCOME NL Y PAVEZ E (2003) Low ge-netic variability in the geographically widespreadAndean Condor. Condor 105:1–12

[32] DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J (1994) Handbook ofthe birds of the world. Volume 2. New World vultures toguineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

[33] INEFAN (1997) Los cóndores de Papallacta. Departamen-to de Vida Silvestre, INEFAN, Quito

[34] IUCN (2004) 2004 IUCN Red list of threatened species.World Conservation Union, Cambridge (URL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/)

[35] JÁCOME NL, ASTORE V Y BERTINI M (2005) El retornodel cóndor al mar. Pp. 373–396 en: MASSERA RF, LEWJ Y SERRA PAIRANO G (eds) Las mesetas patagónicas quecaen al mar: la costa rionegrina. Galerna, Viedma

[36] JÁCOME NL Y LAMBERTUCCI S (2000) Santuarios delCóndor para la conservación de la naturaleza. Programade Áreas Protegidas, Fundación Bioandina Argen-tina, Zoológico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires

[37] KASIELKE S Y WALLACE MP (1990) Andean Condor NorthAmerican regional studbook. Los Angeles Zoo, LosAngeles

[38] KLÖS H-G (1973) Hand-rearing Andean condors(Vultur gryphus) at West Berlin Zoo. International ZooYearbook 13:112

[39] KOENEN MT, KOENEN SG Y YANEZ N (2000) An evalu-ation of the Andean condor population in north-ern Ecuador. Journal of Raptor Research 34:33–36

[40] KOENIG R (2006) Vulture research soars as the scav-engers’ numbers decline. Science 312:1591–1592

[41] KÖNIG C (1982) Zur systematischen stellung derNeuweltgeier (Cathartidae). Journal of Ornithology123:259–267

[42] KUSCH A (2004) Distribución y uso de dormideros porel cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en Patagonia chi-lena. Ornitología Neotropical 15:313–317

[43] LAMBERTUCCI SA, JÁCOME NL Y TREJO A (2008) Use ofcommunal roosts by Andean Condors in northwestPatagonia, Argentina. Journal of Field Ornithology79:138–146

[44] LAMBERTUCCI SA Y MASTRANTUONI OA (2008) Breed-ing behavior of a pair of free-living Andean Con-dors. Journal of Field Ornithology 79:147–151

[45] LIEBERMAN A, RODRÍGUEZ JV, PAEZ JM Y WILEY J (1993)The reintroduction of the Andean condor intoColombia, South America: 1989-1991. Oryx 27:83–90

[46] LINT KC (1950) Condor egg hatched in incubator.Condor 53:102

[47] LINT KC (1959) San Diego’s Andean Condors. Zoonooz32:3–7

[48] LOCKE LN, BAGLEY GE, FRICKIE DN Y YOUNG LT (1969)Lead poisoning and aspergillosis in an Andean con-dor. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-ciation 155:1052–1056

[49] MAZAR BARNETT J Y PEARMAN M (2001) Lista comentadade las aves argentinas. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

[50] MCGAHAN J (1972) Behavior and ecology of the Andeancondor. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Wisconsin,Madison

[51] MCGAHAN J (1973a) Gliding flight of the AndeanCondor in nature. Journal of Experimental Biology58:225–237

[52] MCGAHAN J (1973b) Flapping flight of the AndeanCondor in nature. Journal of Experimental Biology58:239–253

[53] MERETSKY VJ, SNYDER NFR, BEISSINGER SR, CLENDENENDA Y WILEY JW (2000) Demography of the Califor-nia condor: implications for reestablishment.Conservation Biology 14:957–967

[54] MILLER B, READING R, STRITTHOLT J, CARROLL C, NOSSR, SOULÉ M, SÁNCHEZ O, TERBORGH J, BRIGHTSMITHD, CHEESEMAN T Y FOREMAN D (1999) Using focalspecies in the design of nature reserve networks.Wild Earth 8:81–92

[55] OAKS JL, GILBERT M, VIRANI MZ, WATSON RT, METEYERCU, RIDEOUT BA, SHIVAPRASAD HL, AHMED S,CHAUDHRY MJI, ARSHAD M, MAHMOOD S, ALI A YKHAN AA (2004) Diclofenac residues as the cause ofvulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature427:630–633

[56] OWENS PF Y BENNETT PM (2000) Ecological basis ofextinction risk in birds: habitat loss versus humanpersecution and introduced predators. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences 97:12144–12148

[57] PARUELO JM, GOLLUSCIO RA, JOBBÁGY EG, CANEVARIM Y AGUIAR MR (2005) Situación ambiental en laestepa patagónica. Pp. 303–320 en: BROWN A,MARTÍNEZ ORTIZ U, ACERBI M Y CORCUERA J (eds) Lasituación ambiental argentina 2005. Fundación VidaSilvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

[58] PASTORE H, LAMBERTUCCI SA Y GELAIN M (2007) Ru-fous-tailed Hawk (Buteo ventralis) natural history inArgentine Patagonia. Pp. 106–118 en: BILDSTEIN KL,BARBER DR Y ZIMMERMAN A (eds) Neotropical raptors.Proceedings of the Second Neotropical Raptor Confer-ence, Iguazú, Argentina, 2006. Hawk Mountain Sanc-tuary, Onvigsburg

[59] PAVEZ E Y TALA C (1995) Río Blanco, la herencia de losglaciares. Editorial Antártica, Chile

[60] RÍOS-UZEDA B Y WALLACE RB (2007) Estimating thesize of the Andean Condor population in theApolobamba Mountains of Bolivia. Journal of FieldOrnithology 78:170–175

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