Asincronía de puesta y reposición de la nidada en el Cormorán Cuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus): ¿evidencias de las características de su fuente de alimento?

Alexandra Sapoznikow; Flavio Quintana

doi:10.56178/eh.v24i1.725

Articles Published 01 August 2009 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v24i1.725

Asynchronous laying and renesting in the Rock Shag (Phalacrocorax magellanicus): an evidence of the characteristics of their food sources?

Argentina asynchrony breeding biology Phalacrocorax magellanicus renesting Rock Shag

Alexandra Sapoznikow Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET). Blvd. Brown 2825, U9120ACF Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina | Paso 348, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

Flavio Quintana Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET). Blvd. Brown 2825, U9120ACF Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina | Wildlife Conservation Society. 2300 Southern Boulevard, 10460 Bronx, Nueva York, EEUU

Abstract

We studied the breeding biology of the Rock Shag (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) at Punta Loma colony, Chubut, Argentina, during 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons. The egg laying period was long (3–4 months) and asynchronous, while fledging success was low (50%). During the first breeding season, the number of fledglings per nest was not related to laying date, while during the second breeding season there was a reduction in the fledging success of the pairs that laid their eggs late in the season. A high percentage of couples renested after loosing the first clutch (16–22%). In both seasons, the number of chicks fledged in replacement clutches was similar to that in first clutches. The extended and asynchronous egg-laying period, combined with a high rate of renesting (with a fledging success similar to that of single-laying couples), and the low relationship observed between breeding success and laying date, supports the idea of a highly stable and predictable food source for the Rock Shag.

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References

AEBISCHER NJ Y WANLESS S (1992) Relationshipbetween colony size, adult non breeding and envi-ronmental conditions for Shags Phalacrocoraxaristotelis on the Isle of May, Scotland. Bird Study39:43–52
ARNOLD TW (1993) Factors affecting renesting inAmerican coots. Condor 95:273–281
ARRIGHI AC Y NAVARRO JL (1998) Ecología reproducti-va del Cormorán Imperial (Phalacrocorax atriceps)en Isla Deseada (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Hornero15:64–67
BECKLEY LE (1985) Tide-pools fishes: recolonizationafter experimental elimination. Journal of Experimen-tal Marine Biology and Ecology 85:287–295
BOEKELHEIDE RJ Y AINLEY DG (1989) Age, resource avail-ability and breeding effort in Brandt’s Cormorant.Auk 106:389–401
BOERSMA PD Y RYDER JP (1983) Reproductive perfor-mance and body condition of earlier and later nest-ing Ring-billed gulls. Journal of Field Ornithology54:374–380
BROWN KM Y MORRIS RD (1996) From tragedy to tri-umph: renesting in Ring-billed gulls. Auk 113:23–21
COLLETTE BB (1986) Resilience of the fish assemblagein New England tide pools. Fishery Bulletin84:200–204
COSTA D, CROXALL JO Y DUCK CD (1989) Foragingenergetics of Antarctic fur seals in relation tochanges in prey availability. Ecology 70:596–606
EMLEN S Y DEMONG N (1975) Adaptive significance ofsynchronized breeding in a colonial bird: a newhypothesis. Science 188:1029–1031
FELDKAMP SD, DELONG RL Y ANTONELIS GA (1989) Divingpatterns of California sea lions, Zalophus califor-nianus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:872–883
FRERE E Y GANDINI PA (2001) Aspects of the breedingbiology of the Red-Legged Cormorant Phalacrocoraxgaimardi on the Atlantic coast of South America.Marine Ornithology 29:67–70
FRERE E, QUINTANA F Y GANDINI P (2005) Cormoranesde la costa patagónica: estado poblacional, ecologíay conservación. Hornero 20:35–52
GOCHFELD M (1980) Mechanisms and adaptive valueof reproductive synchrony in colonial seabirds. Pp.207–270 en: BURGUER J, OLLA BL Y WINN HE (eds)Behavior of marine animals. Volume 4. Marine birds.Plenum Press, Nueva York
GONZÁLEZ MIRI LJ (1995) Calidad de la dieta del Cormo-rán Real (Phalacrocorax albiventer) durante el cicloreproductivo en la colonia de Punta León. Tesis de Licen-ciatura, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia SanJuan Bosco, Puerto Madryn
GRAU CR (1996) Nutritional needs for egg formationin the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Ibis 138:756–764
GROSSMAN GD (1982) Dynamics and organization ofa rocky intertidal fish assemblage: the persistenceand resilience of taxocene structure. AmericanNaturalist 119:611–637
HARRIS MP (1979) Population dynamics of the Flight-less cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi. Ibis 121:135–146
HIPFNER JM (1997) The effects of parental quality andtiming of breeding on the growth of nestling Thick-billed Murres. Condor 99:353–360
HIPFNER JM (2001) Fitness-related consequences ofrelaying in an Arctic seabird: survival of offspringto recruitment age. Auk 118:1076–1080
HIPFNER JM, CHARLETON K Y DAVIES WE (2004) Ratesand consequences of relaying in Cassin’s aukletsPtychoramphus aleuticus and Rinhoceros aukletsCerorhinca monocerata breeding in a seasonal envi-ronment. Journal of Avian Biology 35:224–236
HIPFNER JM, GASTON AJ, MARTIN DL Y JONES IL (1999)Seasonal declines in replacement egg-layings in along-lived Arctic seabird: costs of late breeding orvariation in female quality? Journal of Animal Ecology68:988–998
HIPFNER JM, GASTON AJ Y STOREY AE (2001) Nest-sitesafety predicts the relative investment made in firstand replacement eggs by two long-lived seabirds.Oecologia 129:234–242
HUREAU JC (1970) Biologie comparée de quelquespoissons antarctiques (Nototheniidae). Bulletin del’Institut Océanographique 68:1–244
INSTITUTEFOR STATISTICSAND MATHEMATICS (2009) The RProject for statistical computing. Institute for Statisticsand Mathematics, WU Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien,Viena (URL: http://www.r-project.org)
JOHNSGARD PA (1993) Cormorants, darters and pelicansof the world. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington DC
LACK D (1967) Interrelationships in breeding adapta-tions as shown by marine birds. Pp 3–42 en: SNOWDW (ed) Proceedings of the XIV International Ornitho-logical Congress. Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford
LIBENSON L (1997) Aspectos de la biología reproducti-va de Phalacrocorax magellanicus y P. albiventer en elpuerto de Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut: Argen-tina). Neotrópica 43:73–77
MALACALZA VE (1995) Aportes al conocimiento de labiología reproductiva de Phalacrocorax magellanicus(Aves: Phalacrocoracidae). Neotrópica 41:27–30
MALACALZA VE, BERTELLOTTI NM Y PORETTI TI (1997)Variación estacional de la dieta de Phalacrocoraxmagellanicus en Punta Loma (Chubut, Argentina).Neotrópica 43:35–37
MARTIN TE (1987) Food as a limit on breeding birds: alife-history perspective. Annual Review of Ecology andSystematics 18:453–487
MASSEY BW Y FANCHER JM (1989) Renesting by Cali-fornia Least Terns. Journal of Field Ornithology60:350–357
MCCULLAGH P Y NELDER JA (1989) Generalized linearmodels. Chapman and Hall, Londres
MILONOFF M (1989) Can nest predation limit clutchsize in precocial birds? Oikos 55:424–427
MONAGHAN P (1996) Relevance of the behavior of theseabirds to the conservation of marine environ-ments. Oikos 77:227–237
MONAGHAN P, WALTON P, WANLESS S, UTTLEY JD Y BURNSMD (1994) Effects of prey abundance on the forag-ing behaviour, diving efficiency and time allocationof the breeding guillemots Uria aalgae. Ibis136:214–222
MORENO J (1998) The determination of seasonal de-clines in breeding success in seabirds. Etología6:17–31
MORENO J, BARBOSA A, POTTI J Y MERINO S (1997) Theeffects of hatching date and parental quality on chickgrowth and creching age in the Chinstrap Penguin(Pygoscelis antarctica): a field experiment. Auk114:47–54
NILSSON JA (1994) Energetic bottle-necks duringbreeding and the reproductive cost of being tooearly. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:200–208
NISBET ICT Y WELTON MJ (1984) Seasonal variation inbreeding success of Common Tern: consequencesof predation. Condor 86:53–60
OLLASON JC Y DUNNET GM (1988) Variation in breed-ing success in fulmars. Pp. 263–278 en: CLUTTON-BROCK TH (ed) Reproductive success. Chicago Uni-versity Press, Chicago
PARSONS J (1975) Seasonal variation in the breedingsuccess of the Herring Gull: an experimentalapproach to pre-fledging success. Journal of AnimalEcology 44:553–573
PERRINS CM (1970) The timing of birds’ breeding sea-sons. Ibis 112:242–255
PIEROTTI R Y BELLROSE CA (1986) Proximate and ulti-mate causation of egg size and the “third-chick dis-advantage” in the Western Gull. Auk 103:401–407
PUNTA G Y SARAVIA J (1993) Distribución, abundancia yaspectos de la biología reproductiva del CormoránCuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) en la pro-vincia del Chubut, Argentina. Hornero 13:295–298
PUNTA GE, SARAVIA JRC Y YORIO PM (1993) The dietand foraging behavior of two Patagonian cormo-rants. Marine Ornithology 21:27–36
PUNTA G, YORIO P Y HERRERA G (2003a) Temporal pat-terns in the diet and food partitioning in ImperialCormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps) and Rock Shags(P. magellanicus) breeding at Bahía Bustamante,Argentina. Wilson Bulletin 115:307–315
PUNTA G, YORIO P, HERRERA G Y SARAVIA J (2003b) Biolo-gía reproductiva de los cormoranes Imperial (Pha-lacrocorax atriceps) y Cuello Negro (P. magellanicus)en el golfo San Jorge, Chubut, Argentina. Hornero18:103–111
PUNTA G, YORIO P, SARAVIA J Y GARCÍA BORBOROGLU P(2003c) Breeding habitat requirements of theImperial Cormorant and Rock Shag in centralPatagonia, Argentina. Waterbirds 26:176–183
QUINTANA, F, YORIO P Y GARCÍA BORBOROGLU P (2002)Aspects of the breeding biology of the NeotropicCormorant Phalacrocorax olivaceus at Golfo SanJorge, Argentina. Marine Ornithology 30:25–29
SAPOZNIKOW A (2006) Ecología reproductiva y trófica del Cor-morán Cuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) en rela-ción a las características de su fuente de alimento. TesisDoctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
SAPOZNIKOW A Y QUINTANA F (2005) Patrón depresencia en la colonia del Cormorán Cuello Negro(Phalacrocorax magellanicus): ¿una evidencia del usode fuentes de alimento predecibles y de baja esta-cionalidad? Ornitología Neotropical 17:95–103
SAPOZNIKOW A Y QUINTANA F (2008) Colony and nestsite fidelity of the Rock Shag (Phalacrocorax magel-lanicus). Journal of Ornithology 149:639–642
SAPOZNIKOW A, QUINTANA F Y KUBA L (2009) Lowseasonal variability in the diet of Rock Shags at aPatagonian colony of Argentina. Emu 109:1–5
SCHREIBER EA (2002) Climate and weather effects onseabirds. Pp. 179–215 en: SCHREIBER EA Y BURGER J(eds) Biology of marine birds. CRC Press, Boca Ratón
STOREY AE (1987) Adaptations for marsh nesting inCommon and Forster ’s Terns. Canadian Journal ofZoology 65:1417–1420
SVENSSON E (1997) Natural selection on avian breed-ing time: casuality, fecundity-dependent and fecun-dity-independent selection. Evolution 51:1276–1283
VAN TETS GF (1965) A comparative study of somesocial communication patterns in the Pelecani-formes. Ornithological Monographs 2:1–88
WANLESS S, GREMILLET D Y HARRIS MP (1998) Foragingactivity and performance of Shags Phalacrocoraxaristotelis in relation to environmental characteris-tics. Journal of Avian Biology 29:49–54
WANLESS S Y HARRIS MP (1988) The importance ofrelative laying date on breeding success of theGuillemot Uria aalgae. Ornis Scandinavica 19:205–211
WHITE SC, ROBERTSON WB Y RICKLEFS RE (1976) Theeffect of hurricane Agneson on growth and survivalof tern chicks in Florida. Bird-Banding 47:54–71
YORIO P, FRERE E, GANDINI P Y HARRIS G (1998) Atlas dela distribución reproductiva de aves marinas en el litoralpatagónico argentino. Fundación Patagonia Naturaly Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires

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Alexandra Sapoznikow , Flavio Quintana (2009). Asynchronous laying and renesting in the Rock Shag (Phalacrocorax magellanicus): an evidence of the characteristics of their food sources?. El Hornero, Vol. 24 No. 1 (2009), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v24i1.725

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[1] AEBISCHER NJ Y WANLESS S (1992) Relationshipbetween colony size, adult non breeding and envi-ronmental conditions for Shags Phalacrocoraxaristotelis on the Isle of May, Scotland. Bird Study39:43–52

[2] ARNOLD TW (1993) Factors affecting renesting inAmerican coots. Condor 95:273–281

[3] ARRIGHI AC Y NAVARRO JL (1998) Ecología reproducti-va del Cormorán Imperial (Phalacrocorax atriceps)en Isla Deseada (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Hornero15:64–67

[4] BECKLEY LE (1985) Tide-pools fishes: recolonizationafter experimental elimination. Journal of Experimen-tal Marine Biology and Ecology 85:287–295

[5] BOEKELHEIDE RJ Y AINLEY DG (1989) Age, resource avail-ability and breeding effort in Brandt’s Cormorant.Auk 106:389–401

[6] BOERSMA PD Y RYDER JP (1983) Reproductive perfor-mance and body condition of earlier and later nest-ing Ring-billed gulls. Journal of Field Ornithology54:374–380

[7] BROWN KM Y MORRIS RD (1996) From tragedy to tri-umph: renesting in Ring-billed gulls. Auk 113:23–21

[8] COLLETTE BB (1986) Resilience of the fish assemblagein New England tide pools. Fishery Bulletin84:200–204

[9] COSTA D, CROXALL JO Y DUCK CD (1989) Foragingenergetics of Antarctic fur seals in relation tochanges in prey availability. Ecology 70:596–606

[10] EMLEN S Y DEMONG N (1975) Adaptive significance ofsynchronized breeding in a colonial bird: a newhypothesis. Science 188:1029–1031

[11] FELDKAMP SD, DELONG RL Y ANTONELIS GA (1989) Divingpatterns of California sea lions, Zalophus califor-nianus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:872–883

[12] FRERE E Y GANDINI PA (2001) Aspects of the breedingbiology of the Red-Legged Cormorant Phalacrocoraxgaimardi on the Atlantic coast of South America.Marine Ornithology 29:67–70

[13] FRERE E, QUINTANA F Y GANDINI P (2005) Cormoranesde la costa patagónica: estado poblacional, ecologíay conservación. Hornero 20:35–52

[14] GOCHFELD M (1980) Mechanisms and adaptive valueof reproductive synchrony in colonial seabirds. Pp.207–270 en: BURGUER J, OLLA BL Y WINN HE (eds)Behavior of marine animals. Volume 4. Marine birds.Plenum Press, Nueva York

[15] GONZÁLEZ MIRI LJ (1995) Calidad de la dieta del Cormo-rán Real (Phalacrocorax albiventer) durante el cicloreproductivo en la colonia de Punta León. Tesis de Licen-ciatura, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia SanJuan Bosco, Puerto Madryn

[16] GRAU CR (1996) Nutritional needs for egg formationin the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Ibis 138:756–764

[17] GROSSMAN GD (1982) Dynamics and organization ofa rocky intertidal fish assemblage: the persistenceand resilience of taxocene structure. AmericanNaturalist 119:611–637

[18] HARRIS MP (1979) Population dynamics of the Flight-less cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi. Ibis 121:135–146

[19] HIPFNER JM (1997) The effects of parental quality andtiming of breeding on the growth of nestling Thick-billed Murres. Condor 99:353–360

[20] HIPFNER JM (2001) Fitness-related consequences ofrelaying in an Arctic seabird: survival of offspringto recruitment age. Auk 118:1076–1080

[21] HIPFNER JM, CHARLETON K Y DAVIES WE (2004) Ratesand consequences of relaying in Cassin’s aukletsPtychoramphus aleuticus and Rinhoceros aukletsCerorhinca monocerata breeding in a seasonal envi-ronment. Journal of Avian Biology 35:224–236

[22] HIPFNER JM, GASTON AJ, MARTIN DL Y JONES IL (1999)Seasonal declines in replacement egg-layings in along-lived Arctic seabird: costs of late breeding orvariation in female quality? Journal of Animal Ecology68:988–998

[23] HIPFNER JM, GASTON AJ Y STOREY AE (2001) Nest-sitesafety predicts the relative investment made in firstand replacement eggs by two long-lived seabirds.Oecologia 129:234–242

[24] HUREAU JC (1970) Biologie comparée de quelquespoissons antarctiques (Nototheniidae). Bulletin del’Institut Océanographique 68:1–244

[25] INSTITUTEFOR STATISTICSAND MATHEMATICS (2009) The RProject for statistical computing. Institute for Statisticsand Mathematics, WU Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien,Viena (URL: http://www.r-project.org)

[26] JOHNSGARD PA (1993) Cormorants, darters and pelicansof the world. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington DC

[27] LACK D (1967) Interrelationships in breeding adapta-tions as shown by marine birds. Pp 3–42 en: SNOWDW (ed) Proceedings of the XIV International Ornitho-logical Congress. Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford

[28] LIBENSON L (1997) Aspectos de la biología reproducti-va de Phalacrocorax magellanicus y P. albiventer en elpuerto de Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut: Argen-tina). Neotrópica 43:73–77

[29] MALACALZA VE (1995) Aportes al conocimiento de labiología reproductiva de Phalacrocorax magellanicus(Aves: Phalacrocoracidae). Neotrópica 41:27–30

[30] MALACALZA VE, BERTELLOTTI NM Y PORETTI TI (1997)Variación estacional de la dieta de Phalacrocoraxmagellanicus en Punta Loma (Chubut, Argentina).Neotrópica 43:35–37

[31] MARTIN TE (1987) Food as a limit on breeding birds: alife-history perspective. Annual Review of Ecology andSystematics 18:453–487

[32] MASSEY BW Y FANCHER JM (1989) Renesting by Cali-fornia Least Terns. Journal of Field Ornithology60:350–357

[33] MCCULLAGH P Y NELDER JA (1989) Generalized linearmodels. Chapman and Hall, Londres

[34] MILONOFF M (1989) Can nest predation limit clutchsize in precocial birds? Oikos 55:424–427

[35] MONAGHAN P (1996) Relevance of the behavior of theseabirds to the conservation of marine environ-ments. Oikos 77:227–237

[36] MONAGHAN P, WALTON P, WANLESS S, UTTLEY JD Y BURNSMD (1994) Effects of prey abundance on the forag-ing behaviour, diving efficiency and time allocationof the breeding guillemots Uria aalgae. Ibis136:214–222

[37] MORENO J (1998) The determination of seasonal de-clines in breeding success in seabirds. Etología6:17–31

[38] MORENO J, BARBOSA A, POTTI J Y MERINO S (1997) Theeffects of hatching date and parental quality on chickgrowth and creching age in the Chinstrap Penguin(Pygoscelis antarctica): a field experiment. Auk114:47–54

[39] NILSSON JA (1994) Energetic bottle-necks duringbreeding and the reproductive cost of being tooearly. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:200–208

[40] NISBET ICT Y WELTON MJ (1984) Seasonal variation inbreeding success of Common Tern: consequencesof predation. Condor 86:53–60

[41] OLLASON JC Y DUNNET GM (1988) Variation in breed-ing success in fulmars. Pp. 263–278 en: CLUTTON-BROCK TH (ed) Reproductive success. Chicago Uni-versity Press, Chicago

[42] PARSONS J (1975) Seasonal variation in the breedingsuccess of the Herring Gull: an experimentalapproach to pre-fledging success. Journal of AnimalEcology 44:553–573

[43] PERRINS CM (1970) The timing of birds’ breeding sea-sons. Ibis 112:242–255

[44] PIEROTTI R Y BELLROSE CA (1986) Proximate and ulti-mate causation of egg size and the “third-chick dis-advantage” in the Western Gull. Auk 103:401–407

[45] PUNTA G Y SARAVIA J (1993) Distribución, abundancia yaspectos de la biología reproductiva del CormoránCuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) en la pro-vincia del Chubut, Argentina. Hornero 13:295–298

[46] PUNTA GE, SARAVIA JRC Y YORIO PM (1993) The dietand foraging behavior of two Patagonian cormo-rants. Marine Ornithology 21:27–36

[47] PUNTA G, YORIO P Y HERRERA G (2003a) Temporal pat-terns in the diet and food partitioning in ImperialCormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps) and Rock Shags(P. magellanicus) breeding at Bahía Bustamante,Argentina. Wilson Bulletin 115:307–315

[48] PUNTA G, YORIO P, HERRERA G Y SARAVIA J (2003b) Biolo-gía reproductiva de los cormoranes Imperial (Pha-lacrocorax atriceps) y Cuello Negro (P. magellanicus)en el golfo San Jorge, Chubut, Argentina. Hornero18:103–111

[49] PUNTA G, YORIO P, SARAVIA J Y GARCÍA BORBOROGLU P(2003c) Breeding habitat requirements of theImperial Cormorant and Rock Shag in centralPatagonia, Argentina. Waterbirds 26:176–183

[50] QUINTANA, F, YORIO P Y GARCÍA BORBOROGLU P (2002)Aspects of the breeding biology of the NeotropicCormorant Phalacrocorax olivaceus at Golfo SanJorge, Argentina. Marine Ornithology 30:25–29

[51] SAPOZNIKOW A (2006) Ecología reproductiva y trófica del Cor-morán Cuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) en rela-ción a las características de su fuente de alimento. TesisDoctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires

[52] SAPOZNIKOW A Y QUINTANA F (2005) Patrón depresencia en la colonia del Cormorán Cuello Negro(Phalacrocorax magellanicus): ¿una evidencia del usode fuentes de alimento predecibles y de baja esta-cionalidad? Ornitología Neotropical 17:95–103

[53] SAPOZNIKOW A Y QUINTANA F (2008) Colony and nestsite fidelity of the Rock Shag (Phalacrocorax magel-lanicus). Journal of Ornithology 149:639–642

[54] SAPOZNIKOW A, QUINTANA F Y KUBA L (2009) Lowseasonal variability in the diet of Rock Shags at aPatagonian colony of Argentina. Emu 109:1–5

[55] SCHREIBER EA (2002) Climate and weather effects onseabirds. Pp. 179–215 en: SCHREIBER EA Y BURGER J(eds) Biology of marine birds. CRC Press, Boca Ratón

[56] STOREY AE (1987) Adaptations for marsh nesting inCommon and Forster ’s Terns. Canadian Journal ofZoology 65:1417–1420

[57] SVENSSON E (1997) Natural selection on avian breed-ing time: casuality, fecundity-dependent and fecun-dity-independent selection. Evolution 51:1276–1283

[58] VAN TETS GF (1965) A comparative study of somesocial communication patterns in the Pelecani-formes. Ornithological Monographs 2:1–88

[59] WANLESS S, GREMILLET D Y HARRIS MP (1998) Foragingactivity and performance of Shags Phalacrocoraxaristotelis in relation to environmental characteris-tics. Journal of Avian Biology 29:49–54

[60] WANLESS S Y HARRIS MP (1988) The importance ofrelative laying date on breeding success of theGuillemot Uria aalgae. Ornis Scandinavica 19:205–211

[61] WHITE SC, ROBERTSON WB Y RICKLEFS RE (1976) Theeffect of hurricane Agneson on growth and survivalof tern chicks in Florida. Bird-Banding 47:54–71

[62] YORIO P, FRERE E, GANDINI P Y HARRIS G (1998) Atlas dela distribución reproductiva de aves marinas en el litoralpatagónico argentino. Fundación Patagonia Naturaly Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires