Ecología y conservación del Loro Alisero (Amazona tucumana)

Luis Rivera; Natalia Politi; Enrique H. Bucher

doi:10.56178/eh.v27i1.673

Articles Published 01 August 2012 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v27i1.673

Ecology and conservation of the Alder Amazon (Amazona tucumana)

Alder Amazon Amazona tucumana Austral Yungas feeding nesting priority areas

Luis Rivera Cátedra de Desarrollo Sustentable y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Alberdi 47, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina | Fundación para la Conservación y Estudio de la Biodiversidad (CEBio). Roca 44, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

Natalia Politi Cátedra de Desarrollo Sustentable y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Alberdi 47, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina | Fundación para la Conservación y Estudio de la Biodiversidad (CEBio). Roca 44, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)

Enrique H. Bucher Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) | Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Casilla de Correos 112, 5000 Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

Abstract

The Alder Amazon (Amazona tucumana) is an endemic parrot from the subtropical montane forests of northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia (Austral Yungas). We collected published and novel information on the species biology, ecology, and conservation. We recorded Alder Amazon feeding on seeds, fruits, and flowers of 18 native and 5 alien species. We identified nests in 10 tree species along an elevation gradient between 1470–2200 masl and we found a high variability in nest density. We found six roosts harbouring whole or most of the populations of an area; therefore, to monitor population trends it would be a good strategy to conduct roost counts yearly. We recorded 7650 individuals in 26 sites in Argentina and Bolivia. The current population size is probably lower than the level before the 1980’s when captures for the international pet trade attained a maximum. Our data suggest that Alder Amazon meets the criteria to be categorized as Vulnerable under the Red List of IUCN. Due to the specific reproductive and feeding requirements it is necessary to delineate forest management guidelines and create protected areas that can assure the species conservation.

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References

BERKUNSKY I Y REBOREDA JC (2009) Nest-site fidelityand cavity reoccupation by Blue-fronted ParrotsAmazona aestiva in the dry Chaco of Argentina. Ibis151:145–150
BERKUNSKY I, RUGGERA RA, ARAMBURÚ RM Y REBOREDAJC (2012) Principales amenazas para la conservacióndel Loro Hablador (Amazona aestiva) en la regióndel Impenetrable. Hornero 27:39–49
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2005) Species factsheet:Amazona tucumana. BirdLife International, Cam-bridge (URL: http://www.birdlife.org/)
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2011) BirdLife’s globally threat-ened bird forums. BirdLife International, Cambridge(URL: http://www.birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums/2011/02/2011-red-list-final-decisions/parrots-2010-2011-2/)
BOND J Y MEYERDE SCHAUENSEE R (1943) The birds ofBolivia. Part II. Proceedings of the Academy of NaturalScience of Philadelphia 95:167–221
BROWN AD Y GRAU HR (1993) Investigación, conserva-ción y desarrollo en las selvas subtropicales de montaña.LIEY y Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, SanMiguel de Tucumán
BROWN AD, GRAU HR, MALIZIA LR Y GRAU A (2001)Argentina. Pp. 623–659 en: KAPPELLE M Y BROWNAD (eds) Bosques nublados del Neotrópico. INBio, SantoDomingo de Heredia
BROWN AD Y MALIZIA L (2004) Las selvas pede-montanas de las Yungas en el umbral de la extin-ción. Ciencia Hoy 14:53–63
CASTILLO M Y SAUAD JJ (1997) Evaluación de dañosprovocados por el Loro Choclero (Pionus maxi-miliani) y la Cotorra Común (Aratinga acuticuadata)en cultivos de maíz. Manejo de Fauna, PublicacionesTécnicas 4:30–32
CHEDIAK A (1991) Etoecología de la alimentación del LoroHablador (Amazona aestiva) durante el período noreproductivo en Burruyacu, Tucumán. Tesis de licen-ciatura, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, SanMiguel de Tucumán
COLLAR NJ Y JUNIPER AT (1992) Dimensions and causesof the parrot conservation crisis. Pp. 1–24 en:BEISSINGER SR Y SNYDERNFR (eds) New World par-rots in crisis: solutions from conservation biology.Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington DC
ENKERLIN-HOEFLICH EC (1995) Comparative ecology andreproductive biology of three species of Amazona parrotsin northeastern Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station
FJELDSÅ J Y KRABBE N (1990) Birds of the high Andes.Apollo Books, Stenstrup
FJELDSÅ J Y MAYER S (1996) Recent ornithological surveysin the Valles Region, southern Bolivia-and the possiblerole of Valles for the evolution of the Andean avifauna.Centre for Research on Cultural and BiologicalDiversity of Andean Rainforests, Kalo
FORSHAW JM (1989) Parrots of the world. Tercera edición.Landsdowne Editions, Willoughby
GNAM RS Y BURCHSTED A (1991) Population estimatesfor the Bahama Parrot on Abaco Island, Bahamas.Journal of Field Ornithology 62:139–146
GRIFFITHS R, DOUBLE MC, ORR K Y DAWSON RJG (1998)A DNA test to sex most birds. Molecular Ecology7:1071–1075
HÖY G (1968) Über brutbiologie und eier einiger vögelaus nordwest-Argentinien. Journal of Ornithology109:425–433
IUCN (2001) 2001 categories and criteria (version 3.1).IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1)
IUCN (2004) 2004 IUCN Red List of threatened species.World Conservation Union, Cambridge
IUCN (2010) The IUCN Red List of threatened species.IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/)
JONES M, FIELDING A Y SULLIVAN M (2006) Analysingextinction risk in parrots using decision trees.Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1993–2007
JUNIPER T Y PARR M (1998) Parrots. A guide to parrots ofthe world. Yale University Press, New Haven
KOENIG S (2001) The breeding biology of Black-billedParrot Amazona agilis and Yellow-billed ParrotAmazona collaria in Cockpit Country, Jamaica. BirdConservation International 11:205–225
LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. AvesArgentinas/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y Desa-rrollo Sustentable, Buenos Aires
LOW R (2005) Amazon parrots. Aviculture, trade and con-servation. Insignis Publications, Mansfield
MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEY AGUA (2009) Librorojo de la fauna silvestre de vertebrados de Bolivia.Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, La Paz
MYERS M Y VAUGHAN C (2004) Movement andbehavior of Scarlet macaws (Ara macao) during thepost-fledging dependence period: implications forin situ versus ex situ management. Biological Con-servation 118:411–420
NAROSKY T E YZURIETA D (2003) Guía para la identifica-ción de las aves de Argentina y Uruguay. Edición de oro.Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires
NORES M E YZURIETA D (1994) The status of Argentineparrots. Bird Conservation International 4:313–328
ORFILA RN (1938) Los Psittaciformes argentinos.Hornero 7:1–21
POLITI N Y RIVERA L (2005) Abundance and distribu-tion of parrots along the elevational gradient ofCalilegua National Park, Argentina. OrnitologíaNeotropical 16:43–52
RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (1999) Nestingbehavior of the Lilac-crowned Parrot. Wilson Bulle-tin 111:488–493
RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (2004) Climatic vari-ability, nest predation, and reproductive output oflilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi)in tropicaldry forest of western Mexico. Auk 121:1214–1225
RIDGELY RS (1981) The current distribution and statusof mainland Neotropical parrots. Pp. 233–384 en:PASQUIER RF(ed) Conservation of New World parrots.International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge
RIVERA L (2011) Ecología, biología reproductiva y conserva-ción del Loro alisero Amazona tucumana en Argentina. Tesisdoctoral, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba
RIVERA L, POLITI N Y BUCHER EH (2007) Decline of theTucuman parrot Amazona tucumana in Argentina:present status and conservation needs. Oryx41:101–105
RIVERA L, ROJAS LLANOS R, POLITI N, HENNESSEY B YBUCHER EH (2010) Status of Tucumán parrotAmazona tucumana in Bolivia: insights for a globalassessment. Oryx 44:110–113
RODRÍGUEZ-CASTILLO AM Y EBERHARD JR (2006) Repro-ductive behavior of the Yellowcrowned Parrot(Amazona ochrocephala) in western Panama. WilsonJournal of Ornithology 118:225–236
ROJAS F (1991) Biología reproductiva de la cotorraAmazona barbadensis en la Península de Macanao. Tesisde licenciatura, Universidad Central de Venezuela,Caracas
RUSSELLO MA Y AMATO G (2004) A molecularphylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropicalparrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30:421–437
SALINAS-MELGOZA A Y RENTON K (2007) Postfledgingsurvival and development of juvenile lilac-crownedparrots. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:43–50
SANZ V Y RODRÍGUEZ-FERRARO A (2006) Reproductiveparameters and productivity of the Yellow-shoul-dered Parrot on Margarita Island, Venezuela: a long-term study. Condor 108:178–192
SEIXAS GHF Y MOURAO G (2002) Nesting success andhatching survival of the Blue-fronted Amazon(Amazona aestiva) in the Pantanal of Mato Grossodo Sul, Brazil. Journal of Field Ornithology 73:399–409
SNYDER NFR, WILEY JW Y KEPLER CB (1987) Theparrots of Luquillo: natural history and conservation ofthe Puerto Rican Parrot. Western Foundation ofVertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles
WETMORE A (1926) Observations on the birds ofArgentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile.Bulletin of the United States National Museum133:1–448

How to cite

Luis Rivera, Natalia Politi, Enrique H. Bucher (2012). Ecology and conservation of the Alder Amazon (Amazona tucumana). El Hornero, Vol. 27 No. 1 (2012), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v27i1.673

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[1] BERKUNSKY I Y REBOREDA JC (2009) Nest-site fidelityand cavity reoccupation by Blue-fronted ParrotsAmazona aestiva in the dry Chaco of Argentina. Ibis151:145–150

[2] BERKUNSKY I, RUGGERA RA, ARAMBURÚ RM Y REBOREDAJC (2012) Principales amenazas para la conservacióndel Loro Hablador (Amazona aestiva) en la regióndel Impenetrable. Hornero 27:39–49

[3] BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2005) Species factsheet:Amazona tucumana. BirdLife International, Cam-bridge (URL: http://www.birdlife.org/)

[4] BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2011) BirdLife’s globally threat-ened bird forums. BirdLife International, Cambridge(URL: http://www.birdlife.org/globally-threatened-bird-forums/2011/02/2011-red-list-final-decisions/parrots-2010-2011-2/)

[5] BOND J Y MEYERDE SCHAUENSEE R (1943) The birds ofBolivia. Part II. Proceedings of the Academy of NaturalScience of Philadelphia 95:167–221

[6] BROWN AD Y GRAU HR (1993) Investigación, conserva-ción y desarrollo en las selvas subtropicales de montaña.LIEY y Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, SanMiguel de Tucumán

[7] BROWN AD, GRAU HR, MALIZIA LR Y GRAU A (2001)Argentina. Pp. 623–659 en: KAPPELLE M Y BROWNAD (eds) Bosques nublados del Neotrópico. INBio, SantoDomingo de Heredia

[8] BROWN AD Y MALIZIA L (2004) Las selvas pede-montanas de las Yungas en el umbral de la extin-ción. Ciencia Hoy 14:53–63

[9] CASTILLO M Y SAUAD JJ (1997) Evaluación de dañosprovocados por el Loro Choclero (Pionus maxi-miliani) y la Cotorra Común (Aratinga acuticuadata)en cultivos de maíz. Manejo de Fauna, PublicacionesTécnicas 4:30–32

[10] CHEDIAK A (1991) Etoecología de la alimentación del LoroHablador (Amazona aestiva) durante el período noreproductivo en Burruyacu, Tucumán. Tesis de licen-ciatura, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, SanMiguel de Tucumán

[11] COLLAR NJ Y JUNIPER AT (1992) Dimensions and causesof the parrot conservation crisis. Pp. 1–24 en:BEISSINGER SR Y SNYDERNFR (eds) New World par-rots in crisis: solutions from conservation biology.Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington DC

[12] ENKERLIN-HOEFLICH EC (1995) Comparative ecology andreproductive biology of three species of Amazona parrotsin northeastern Mexico. Tesis doctoral, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station

[13] FJELDSÅ J Y KRABBE N (1990) Birds of the high Andes.Apollo Books, Stenstrup

[14] FJELDSÅ J Y MAYER S (1996) Recent ornithological surveysin the Valles Region, southern Bolivia-and the possiblerole of Valles for the evolution of the Andean avifauna.Centre for Research on Cultural and BiologicalDiversity of Andean Rainforests, Kalo

[15] FORSHAW JM (1989) Parrots of the world. Tercera edición.Landsdowne Editions, Willoughby

[16] GNAM RS Y BURCHSTED A (1991) Population estimatesfor the Bahama Parrot on Abaco Island, Bahamas.Journal of Field Ornithology 62:139–146

[17] GRIFFITHS R, DOUBLE MC, ORR K Y DAWSON RJG (1998)A DNA test to sex most birds. Molecular Ecology7:1071–1075

[18] HÖY G (1968) Über brutbiologie und eier einiger vögelaus nordwest-Argentinien. Journal of Ornithology109:425–433

[19] IUCN (2001) 2001 categories and criteria (version 3.1).IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1)

[20] IUCN (2004) 2004 IUCN Red List of threatened species.World Conservation Union, Cambridge

[21] IUCN (2010) The IUCN Red List of threatened species.IUCN, Gland (URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/)

[22] JONES M, FIELDING A Y SULLIVAN M (2006) Analysingextinction risk in parrots using decision trees.Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1993–2007

[23] JUNIPER T Y PARR M (1998) Parrots. A guide to parrots ofthe world. Yale University Press, New Haven

[24] KOENIG S (2001) The breeding biology of Black-billedParrot Amazona agilis and Yellow-billed ParrotAmazona collaria in Cockpit Country, Jamaica. BirdConservation International 11:205–225

[25] LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. AvesArgentinas/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y Desa-rrollo Sustentable, Buenos Aires

[26] LOW R (2005) Amazon parrots. Aviculture, trade and con-servation. Insignis Publications, Mansfield

[27] MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEY AGUA (2009) Librorojo de la fauna silvestre de vertebrados de Bolivia.Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, La Paz

[28] MYERS M Y VAUGHAN C (2004) Movement andbehavior of Scarlet macaws (Ara macao) during thepost-fledging dependence period: implications forin situ versus ex situ management. Biological Con-servation 118:411–420

[29] NAROSKY T E YZURIETA D (2003) Guía para la identifica-ción de las aves de Argentina y Uruguay. Edición de oro.Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires

[30] NORES M E YZURIETA D (1994) The status of Argentineparrots. Bird Conservation International 4:313–328

[31] ORFILA RN (1938) Los Psittaciformes argentinos.Hornero 7:1–21

[32] POLITI N Y RIVERA L (2005) Abundance and distribu-tion of parrots along the elevational gradient ofCalilegua National Park, Argentina. OrnitologíaNeotropical 16:43–52

[33] RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (1999) Nestingbehavior of the Lilac-crowned Parrot. Wilson Bulle-tin 111:488–493

[34] RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (2004) Climatic vari-ability, nest predation, and reproductive output oflilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi)in tropicaldry forest of western Mexico. Auk 121:1214–1225

[35] RIDGELY RS (1981) The current distribution and statusof mainland Neotropical parrots. Pp. 233–384 en:PASQUIER RF(ed) Conservation of New World parrots.International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge

[36] RIVERA L (2011) Ecología, biología reproductiva y conserva-ción del Loro alisero Amazona tucumana en Argentina. Tesisdoctoral, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba

[37] RIVERA L, POLITI N Y BUCHER EH (2007) Decline of theTucuman parrot Amazona tucumana in Argentina:present status and conservation needs. Oryx41:101–105

[38] RIVERA L, ROJAS LLANOS R, POLITI N, HENNESSEY B YBUCHER EH (2010) Status of Tucumán parrotAmazona tucumana in Bolivia: insights for a globalassessment. Oryx 44:110–113

[39] RODRÍGUEZ-CASTILLO AM Y EBERHARD JR (2006) Repro-ductive behavior of the Yellowcrowned Parrot(Amazona ochrocephala) in western Panama. WilsonJournal of Ornithology 118:225–236

[40] ROJAS F (1991) Biología reproductiva de la cotorraAmazona barbadensis en la Península de Macanao. Tesisde licenciatura, Universidad Central de Venezuela,Caracas

[41] RUSSELLO MA Y AMATO G (2004) A molecularphylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropicalparrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30:421–437

[42] SALINAS-MELGOZA A Y RENTON K (2007) Postfledgingsurvival and development of juvenile lilac-crownedparrots. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:43–50

[43] SANZ V Y RODRÍGUEZ-FERRARO A (2006) Reproductiveparameters and productivity of the Yellow-shoul-dered Parrot on Margarita Island, Venezuela: a long-term study. Condor 108:178–192

[44] SEIXAS GHF Y MOURAO G (2002) Nesting success andhatching survival of the Blue-fronted Amazon(Amazona aestiva) in the Pantanal of Mato Grossodo Sul, Brazil. Journal of Field Ornithology 73:399–409

[45] SNYDER NFR, WILEY JW Y KEPLER CB (1987) Theparrots of Luquillo: natural history and conservation ofthe Puerto Rican Parrot. Western Foundation ofVertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles

[46] WETMORE A (1926) Observations on the birds ofArgentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile.Bulletin of the United States National Museum133:1–448