Biología y conservación de la Cachaña (Enicognathus ferrugineus) en Argentina

Soledad Díaz

doi:10.56178/eh.v27i1.669

Articles Published 01 August 2012 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v27i1.669

Biology and conservation of the Austral Parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) in Argentina

Austral Temperate Forest diet Enicognathus ferrugineus Patagonia reproduction

Soledad Díaz Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-INIBIOMA. Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

Abstract

The Austral Parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) is the southernmost distributed psittacid of the world. Endemic to the Andean-Patagonic forests, it is present on both sides of the Andes. There is no evidence of gender or age dimorphism. It maximizes high nutritional food intake (pollen and seeds) by following altitudinal phenological changes of one of its main food sources: Nothofagus pumilio. Protein intake is concentrated during the pre-reproductive season by consuming larvae and pollen, both otherwise very uncommon items in psittacid's diets. Pollen digestibility is the highest recorded, suggesting its importance in a seasonal environment with winter scarcity. The Austral Parakeet is a secondary cavity nester, which lays its eggs (4–8, up to 11) at the end of December, with nestling survivorship higher than 60%, except in low food availability years when lower survivorship is observed. Only the female incubates the eggs. Both female and male participate in feeding and rearing nestlings, which fledge 53 days after hatching. Conservation status of the Austral Parakeet is unclear due to the general lack of knowledge of the species, its biology and the effect of human actions on its habitat. For these reasons studies of population parameters, longevity in the wild, competition and potential effects of environmental disturbances on distribution, reproductive biology, habitat use, and nest site selection should be a priority.

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References

AIZEN MA, VÁZQUEZ DP Y SMITH-RAMÍREZ C (2002)Historia natural y conservación de los mutualismosplanta-animal del bosque templado de Sudamérica.Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75:79–97
ARAMBURÚ R Y CORBALÁN V (2000) Dieta de pichonesde cotorra Myiopsitta monachus monachus (Aves:Psittacidae) en una población silvestre. OrnitologíaNeotropical 11:241–245
ARMESTO J, VILLAGRÁN C Y DONOSO C (1994) Desde laera glacial a la industrial: la historia del bosquetemplado chileno. Ambiente y Desarrollo 10:66–72
BERKUNSKY I Y REBOREDA JC (2009) Nest-site fidelityand cavity reoccupation by Blue-fronted ParrotsAmazona aestiva in the dry Chaco of Argentina. Ibis151:145–150
BERKUNSKY I, RUGGERA RA, ARAMBURÚ RM Y REBOREDAJC (2012) Principales amenazas para la conservacióndel Loro Hablador (Amazona aestiva) en la regióndel Impenetrable. Hornero 27:39–49
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Threatened birds of theworld 2004. BirdLife International, Cambridge
BRICE AT, DAHL KH Y GRAU CR (1989) Pollen digesti-bility by hummingbirds and psittacines. Condor91:681–688
BULLOCK DS (1929) Aves de los pinares de Nahuel-buta. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 33:121–127
CHRISTIE MI, RAMILO EJ Y BETTINELLI MD (2004) Avesdel noroeste patagonico. Atlas y guía. LOLA, BuenosAires
COCKLE K, CAPUZZI G, BODRATI A, CLAY R, DEL CASTILLOH, VELÁSQUEZ M, ARETA JI, FARIÑA N Y FARIÑA R(2007) Distribution, abundance, and conservationof Vinaceous Amazons (Amazona vinacea) in Argen-tina and Paraguay. Journal of Field Ornithology78:21–39
COLLAR NJ (1997) Family Psittacidae (parrots).Pp. 280–477 en: DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J(eds) Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 4.Sandgrouse to cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
DARRIEU CA (1982) Contribución al conocimiento delas razas de Enicognathus ferrugineus (Müller) (Aves,Psittacidae). Historia Natural 12:93–100
DÍAZ S Y KITZBERGER T (2006) High Nothofagus flowerconsumption and pollen emptying in the southernSouth American austral parakeet (Enicognathusferrugineus). Austral Ecology 31:759–766
DÍAZ S Y KITZBERGER T (en prensa) Nest habitat selec-tion by the Austral Parakeet in NorthwesternPatagonia. Austral Ecology
DÍAZ S, KITZBERGER T Y PERIS S (2012) Food resourcesand reproductive output of Austral Parakeet(Enicognathus ferrugineus) in forests of northernPatagonia. Emu 112:234–243
DÍAZ S Y PERIS S (2011) Larvae consumption by theAustral Parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus. WilsonJournal of Ornithology 123:168–171
DONOSO C (1998) Bosques templados de Chile yArgentina. Variación, estructura y dinámica. Cuartaedición. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago
DE FARIA IP (2007) Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratingaaurea) feeding on arboreal termites in the BrazilianCerrado. Revista Brasileira de Ornitología 15:457–458
FORSHAW JM (1989) Parrots of the world. Tercera edición.Landsdowne Editions, Willoughby
GALETTI M (1993) Diet of the Scaly-headed Parrot(Pionus maximiliani) in a semi-deciduous forest insoutheastern Brazil. Biotropica 25:419–425
HACKETT SJ, KIMBALL RT, REDDY S, BOWIE RCK, BRAUNEL, BRAUN MJ, CHOJNOWSKI JL, COX WA, HAN K,HARSHMAN J, HUDDLESTON CJ, MARKS BD, MIGLIA KJ,MOORE WS, SHELDON FH, STEADMAN DW, WITT CCY YURI T (2008) A phylogenomic study of birds re-veals their evolutionary history. Science 320:1763
HOUSSE PE (1949) Notes sur l’avifaune du Chili.Alauda 17:1–15
HUMPREY PS, BRIDGE D, REYNOLDS PW Y PETERSON RT(1970) Birds of Isla Grande (Tierra del Fuego).Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
IPPI S, ANDERSON CB, ROZZI R Y ELPHICK CS (2009)Annual variation of abundance and composition inforest bird assemblages on Navarino Island, CapeHorn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Ornitología Neotro-pical 20:231–245
JOHNSON AW (1967) The birds of Chile and adjacent re-gions of Argentina, Bolivia and Perú. Volume 2. PlattEstablecimientos Gráficos, Buenos Aires
KOUTSOS EA, MATSON KD Y KLASING KC (2001) Nutri-tion of birds in the order Psittaciformes: a review.Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 15:257–275
LACLAU P (1997) Los ecosistemas forestales y el hombre enel sur de Chile y Argentina. Boletín Técnico 34, Funda-ción Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires
LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. Aves Argen-tina/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y DesarrolloSustentable, Buenos Aires
MARTUSCELLI P (1994) Maroon-bellied Conures feed-ing on gall-forming homopteran larvae. Wilson Bul-letin 106:769–770
MASELLO J Y QUILLFELDT P (2003) Body size, bodycondition and ornamental feather of BurrowingParrots: variation between years and sexes, assort-ative mating and influences on breeding success.Emu 103:149–161
MOOJEN J, CANDIDODE CARVALHO J Y SOUZA-LOPES H(1941) Observaçoes sobre o conteudo gastrico dasaves brasileiros. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz36:405–444
PREMOLI AC, RAFFAELE E Y MATHIASEN P (2007)Morphological and phenological differences inNothofagus pumilio from contrasting elevations: evi-dence from a common garden. Austral Ecology32:515–523
RENTON K (2001) Lilac-crowned Parrot diet and foodresource availability: resource tracking by a parrotseed predator. Condor 103:62–69
RENTON K (2002) Influence of environmental variabil-ity on the growth of Lilac-crowned Parrot nestlings.Ibis 144:331–339
RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (1999) Nestingbehavior of the Lilac-Crowned parrot. Wilson Bul-letin 111:488–493
RIVERA L, POLITI N Y BUCHER E (2012) Ecología y con-servación del Loro Alisero (Amazona tucumana).Hornero 27:51–61
RODRÍGUEZ CABAL M, NÚÑEZ M Y MARTÍNEZ A (2008)Quantity vs quality: endemism and protected áreasin the temperate forest of South America. AustralEcology 33:730–733
ROZZI R, MARTÍNEZ D, WILLSON MF Y SABAG C (1996)Avifauna de los bosques templados de Sudamérica.Pp. 135–152 en: ARMESTO JJ, VILLAGRÁN C Y ARROYOMTK (eds) Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile.Editorial Universitaria, Santiago
SARASOLA MM, RUSCH VE, SCHLICHTER TM Y GHERSACM (2006) Invasión de coníferas forestales en áreasde estepa y bosques de ciprés de la cordillera en laRegión Andino Patagónica. Ecología Austral 16:143–156
SCHUBART O, AGUIRRE AC Y SICK H (1965) Contribuicãopara o conhecimento da alimentacão das avesbrasileiras. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo12:95–249
SEGOVIA JM Y COCKLE KL (2012) Conservación delLoro Vinoso (Amazona vinacea) en Argentina. Hor-nero 27:27–37
SNYDER N, MCGOWAN P, GILARDI J Y GRAJAL A (2000)Parrots. Status survey and conservation action plan2000–2004. IUCN, Gland y Cambridge
TAVARES ES, BAKER AJ, PEREIRA SL Y MIYAKI CY (2006)Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeo-graphy of Neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes:Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial andnuclear DNA sequences. Systematic Biology 55:454–470VEBLEN T (1982) Regeneration patterns in Araucariaaraucana forests in Chile. Journal of Biogeography 9:11–28
VEBLEN TT, KITZBERGER T, VILLALBA R Y DONNEGAN J(1999) Fire history in northern Patagonia: the rolesof humans and climatic variation. Ecological Mono-graphs 69:47–67
VERA CARCAMO FA (1987) Estudio ecológico comparativoentre el choroy (Enicognathus leptorhynchus King) y lacachaña (Enicognathus ferrugineus Chapman) y los efec-tos perjudiciales en los cultivos agrícolas de la provinciade Valdivia. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Aus-tral de Chile, Valdivia
VUILLEUMIER F (1985) Forest birds of Patagonia: eco-logical geography, speciation, endemism, andfaunal history. Ornithological Monographs 36:255–304
WERMUNDSEN T (1997) Seasonal change in the diet ofthe Pacific Parakeet Aratinga strenua in Nicaragua.Ibis 139:566–568
WRIGHT TF, SCHIRTZINGER EE, MATSUMOTO T, EBERHARDJR, GRAVES GR, SÁNCHEZ JJ, CAPELLI S, MÜLLER H,SCHARPEGGE J, CHAMBERS GK Y FLEISCHER RC (2008)A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots(Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan originduring the Cretaceous. Molecular and Biological Evo-lution 25:2141–2156

How to cite

Soledad Díaz (2012). Biology and conservation of the Austral Parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) in Argentina. El Hornero, Vol. 27 No. 1 (2012), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v27i1.669

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[1] AIZEN MA, VÁZQUEZ DP Y SMITH-RAMÍREZ C (2002)Historia natural y conservación de los mutualismosplanta-animal del bosque templado de Sudamérica.Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75:79–97

[2] ARAMBURÚ R Y CORBALÁN V (2000) Dieta de pichonesde cotorra Myiopsitta monachus monachus (Aves:Psittacidae) en una población silvestre. OrnitologíaNeotropical 11:241–245

[3] ARMESTO J, VILLAGRÁN C Y DONOSO C (1994) Desde laera glacial a la industrial: la historia del bosquetemplado chileno. Ambiente y Desarrollo 10:66–72

[4] BERKUNSKY I Y REBOREDA JC (2009) Nest-site fidelityand cavity reoccupation by Blue-fronted ParrotsAmazona aestiva in the dry Chaco of Argentina. Ibis151:145–150

[5] BERKUNSKY I, RUGGERA RA, ARAMBURÚ RM Y REBOREDAJC (2012) Principales amenazas para la conservacióndel Loro Hablador (Amazona aestiva) en la regióndel Impenetrable. Hornero 27:39–49

[6] BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Threatened birds of theworld 2004. BirdLife International, Cambridge

[7] BRICE AT, DAHL KH Y GRAU CR (1989) Pollen digesti-bility by hummingbirds and psittacines. Condor91:681–688

[8] BULLOCK DS (1929) Aves de los pinares de Nahuel-buta. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 33:121–127

[9] CHRISTIE MI, RAMILO EJ Y BETTINELLI MD (2004) Avesdel noroeste patagonico. Atlas y guía. LOLA, BuenosAires

[10] COCKLE K, CAPUZZI G, BODRATI A, CLAY R, DEL CASTILLOH, VELÁSQUEZ M, ARETA JI, FARIÑA N Y FARIÑA R(2007) Distribution, abundance, and conservationof Vinaceous Amazons (Amazona vinacea) in Argen-tina and Paraguay. Journal of Field Ornithology78:21–39

[11] COLLAR NJ (1997) Family Psittacidae (parrots).Pp. 280–477 en: DEL HOYO J, ELLIOTT A Y SARGATAL J(eds) Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 4.Sandgrouse to cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

[12] DARRIEU CA (1982) Contribución al conocimiento delas razas de Enicognathus ferrugineus (Müller) (Aves,Psittacidae). Historia Natural 12:93–100

[13] DÍAZ S Y KITZBERGER T (2006) High Nothofagus flowerconsumption and pollen emptying in the southernSouth American austral parakeet (Enicognathusferrugineus). Austral Ecology 31:759–766

[14] DÍAZ S Y KITZBERGER T (en prensa) Nest habitat selec-tion by the Austral Parakeet in NorthwesternPatagonia. Austral Ecology

[15] DÍAZ S, KITZBERGER T Y PERIS S (2012) Food resourcesand reproductive output of Austral Parakeet(Enicognathus ferrugineus) in forests of northernPatagonia. Emu 112:234–243

[16] DÍAZ S Y PERIS S (2011) Larvae consumption by theAustral Parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus. WilsonJournal of Ornithology 123:168–171

[17] DONOSO C (1998) Bosques templados de Chile yArgentina. Variación, estructura y dinámica. Cuartaedición. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago

[18] DE FARIA IP (2007) Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratingaaurea) feeding on arboreal termites in the BrazilianCerrado. Revista Brasileira de Ornitología 15:457–458

[19] FORSHAW JM (1989) Parrots of the world. Tercera edición.Landsdowne Editions, Willoughby

[20] GALETTI M (1993) Diet of the Scaly-headed Parrot(Pionus maximiliani) in a semi-deciduous forest insoutheastern Brazil. Biotropica 25:419–425

[21] HACKETT SJ, KIMBALL RT, REDDY S, BOWIE RCK, BRAUNEL, BRAUN MJ, CHOJNOWSKI JL, COX WA, HAN K,HARSHMAN J, HUDDLESTON CJ, MARKS BD, MIGLIA KJ,MOORE WS, SHELDON FH, STEADMAN DW, WITT CCY YURI T (2008) A phylogenomic study of birds re-veals their evolutionary history. Science 320:1763

[22] HOUSSE PE (1949) Notes sur l’avifaune du Chili.Alauda 17:1–15

[23] HUMPREY PS, BRIDGE D, REYNOLDS PW Y PETERSON RT(1970) Birds of Isla Grande (Tierra del Fuego).Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

[24] IPPI S, ANDERSON CB, ROZZI R Y ELPHICK CS (2009)Annual variation of abundance and composition inforest bird assemblages on Navarino Island, CapeHorn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Ornitología Neotro-pical 20:231–245

[25] JOHNSON AW (1967) The birds of Chile and adjacent re-gions of Argentina, Bolivia and Perú. Volume 2. PlattEstablecimientos Gráficos, Buenos Aires

[26] KOUTSOS EA, MATSON KD Y KLASING KC (2001) Nutri-tion of birds in the order Psittaciformes: a review.Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 15:257–275

[27] LACLAU P (1997) Los ecosistemas forestales y el hombre enel sur de Chile y Argentina. Boletín Técnico 34, Funda-ción Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

[28] LÓPEZ-LANÚS B, GRILLI P, DI GIACOMO AS, COCONIEREE Y BANCHS R (2008) Categorización de las aves de laArgentina según su estado de conservación. Aves Argen-tina/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y DesarrolloSustentable, Buenos Aires

[29] MARTUSCELLI P (1994) Maroon-bellied Conures feed-ing on gall-forming homopteran larvae. Wilson Bul-letin 106:769–770

[30] MASELLO J Y QUILLFELDT P (2003) Body size, bodycondition and ornamental feather of BurrowingParrots: variation between years and sexes, assort-ative mating and influences on breeding success.Emu 103:149–161

[31] MOOJEN J, CANDIDODE CARVALHO J Y SOUZA-LOPES H(1941) Observaçoes sobre o conteudo gastrico dasaves brasileiros. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz36:405–444

[32] PREMOLI AC, RAFFAELE E Y MATHIASEN P (2007)Morphological and phenological differences inNothofagus pumilio from contrasting elevations: evi-dence from a common garden. Austral Ecology32:515–523

[33] RENTON K (2001) Lilac-crowned Parrot diet and foodresource availability: resource tracking by a parrotseed predator. Condor 103:62–69

[34] RENTON K (2002) Influence of environmental variabil-ity on the growth of Lilac-crowned Parrot nestlings.Ibis 144:331–339

[35] RENTON K Y SALINAS-MELGOZA A (1999) Nestingbehavior of the Lilac-Crowned parrot. Wilson Bul-letin 111:488–493

[36] RIVERA L, POLITI N Y BUCHER E (2012) Ecología y con-servación del Loro Alisero (Amazona tucumana).Hornero 27:51–61

[37] RODRÍGUEZ CABAL M, NÚÑEZ M Y MARTÍNEZ A (2008)Quantity vs quality: endemism and protected áreasin the temperate forest of South America. AustralEcology 33:730–733

[38] ROZZI R, MARTÍNEZ D, WILLSON MF Y SABAG C (1996)Avifauna de los bosques templados de Sudamérica.Pp. 135–152 en: ARMESTO JJ, VILLAGRÁN C Y ARROYOMTK (eds) Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile.Editorial Universitaria, Santiago

[39] SARASOLA MM, RUSCH VE, SCHLICHTER TM Y GHERSACM (2006) Invasión de coníferas forestales en áreasde estepa y bosques de ciprés de la cordillera en laRegión Andino Patagónica. Ecología Austral 16:143–156

[40] SCHUBART O, AGUIRRE AC Y SICK H (1965) Contribuicãopara o conhecimento da alimentacão das avesbrasileiras. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo12:95–249

[41] SEGOVIA JM Y COCKLE KL (2012) Conservación delLoro Vinoso (Amazona vinacea) en Argentina. Hor-nero 27:27–37

[42] SNYDER N, MCGOWAN P, GILARDI J Y GRAJAL A (2000)Parrots. Status survey and conservation action plan2000–2004. IUCN, Gland y Cambridge

[43] TAVARES ES, BAKER AJ, PEREIRA SL Y MIYAKI CY (2006)Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeo-graphy of Neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes:Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial andnuclear DNA sequences. Systematic Biology 55:454–470VEBLEN T (1982) Regeneration patterns in Araucariaaraucana forests in Chile. Journal of Biogeography 9:11–28

[44] VEBLEN TT, KITZBERGER T, VILLALBA R Y DONNEGAN J(1999) Fire history in northern Patagonia: the rolesof humans and climatic variation. Ecological Mono-graphs 69:47–67

[45] VERA CARCAMO FA (1987) Estudio ecológico comparativoentre el choroy (Enicognathus leptorhynchus King) y lacachaña (Enicognathus ferrugineus Chapman) y los efec-tos perjudiciales en los cultivos agrícolas de la provinciade Valdivia. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Aus-tral de Chile, Valdivia

[46] VUILLEUMIER F (1985) Forest birds of Patagonia: eco-logical geography, speciation, endemism, andfaunal history. Ornithological Monographs 36:255–304

[47] WERMUNDSEN T (1997) Seasonal change in the diet ofthe Pacific Parakeet Aratinga strenua in Nicaragua.Ibis 139:566–568

[48] WRIGHT TF, SCHIRTZINGER EE, MATSUMOTO T, EBERHARDJR, GRAVES GR, SÁNCHEZ JJ, CAPELLI S, MÜLLER H,SCHARPEGGE J, CHAMBERS GK Y FLEISCHER RC (2008)A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots(Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan originduring the Cretaceous. Molecular and Biological Evo-lution 25:2141–2156