Aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Benteveo (Pitangus sulphuratus) bajo diferentes grados de urbanización de un aglomerado urbano del Noroeste de Argentina

Sergio Luis Hoyos; María Elisa Fanjul; Mariela Alderete

doi:10.56178/eh.v37i2.410

Articles Published 01 December 1951 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.410

Aspects of the reproductive biology of the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) under different degrees of urbanization in an urban agglomeration of Northwestern Argentina

nesting Pitangus sulphuratus Tucumán urban adapter urbanization

Sergio Luis Hoyos Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML UNT. Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, 4000

María Elisa Fanjul Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML UNT. Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, 4000 | Fundación Miguel Lillo. Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán, 4000

Mariela Alderete Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML UNT. Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, 4000

Abstract

Urbanizations are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. However, birds are no strangers to the new challenges of city life. The Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) is common in various environments, including rural and urban. In Greater San Miguel de Tucumán (GSMT), province of Tucumán, Argentina, there are higher levels of urbanization to the east and lower levels to the west, bordering the Sierra de San Javier. Although different aspects of the biology of birds in natural environments are known, knowledge in urban environments is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate different aspects of the nesting of the Great Kiskadee in urban environments and how they vary between different levels of urbanization. The study was carried out in three sectors of the GSMT, two in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán and one in Yerba Buena, during the reproductive seasons (September-March) of 2020-2022. A total of 46 nests were found, of which 27 of them were successful. The known breeding period for the species, the height of nest supports are extended, and the materials used in nest construction and the survival success of fledglings are described in greater detail. There were no differences in the relative abundance of Great Kiskadee, nor in the reproductive traits evaluated, between the different levels of urbanization. These results could indicate that the Great Kiskadee is an urban adapter in terms of its nesting and relative abundance.

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References

Amâncio S, Barbosa de Souza V y Melo C (2008) Columba livia e Pitangus sulphuratus como indicadoras de qualidade ambiental em área urbana. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 16:32-37
Battisti C, Staffieri E, Poeta G, Sorace A, Luiselli L y Amori G (2019) Interactions between anthropogenic litter and birds: a global review with a “black-list” of species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 138:93-114
Beninde J, Veith M y Hochkirch A (2015) Biodiversity in cities needs space: a metaanalysis of factors determining intra-urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters 18: 581-592
Bibby CJ, Hill DA y Burgess ND (2000) Bird Census Techniques. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London
Blair RB (1996) Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6:506-519
Blettler MCM y Mitchell C (2021) Dangerous traps: macroplastic encounters affecting freshwater and terrestrial wildlife. Science of the Total Environment 798:149317
Brown A, Martinez Ortiz U, Acerbi M. y Corcuera J (2006) La Situación Ambiental Argentina 2005, Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires
Canevari M, Canevari P, Carrizo GR, Harris G, Rodriguez Mata J y Straneck RJ (1991) Nueva Guía de las Aves Argentinas. Vols 1 y 2. Fundación Acindar, Buenos Aires
Cepillo T y Fitzpatrick JW (2020) Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), versión 1.0. En Birds of the World (AF Poole y FB Gill, Editores). Laboratorio de Ornitología de Cornell, Ithaca, NY, EE. UU.
Corrales-Moya J y Sandoval L (2021) Does the distance to forests or buildings influence Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) nesting site selection? Ornitología Neotropical 32: 28–33
Croci S, Butet A, Georges A, Aguejdad R y Clergeau P (2008) Small urban woodlands as biodiversity conservation hot-spot: a multi-taxon approach. Landscape Ecology 23:1171-1186
Ghalambor CK y Martin TE (2002) Comparative manipulation of predation risk in incubating birds reveals variability in the plasticity of responses. Behavioral Ecology 13:101-108
Grau HR, Hernández ME, Gutierrez J, Gasparri NI, Casavecchia MC, Flores-Ivaldi EE y Paolini L (2008) A peri-urban neotropical forest transition and its consequences for environmental services. Ecology and Society 13: 35
Gorena RL (1995) Feeding and nesting ecology of the Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus texanus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) in the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas. Master's Thesis, Univ. of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg
Gupta A (2002) Geoindicators for Tropical Urbanization. Environmental Geology 42: 736‐742
Gutiérrez Angonese J (2010) Dinámica espacio-temporal de crecimiento urbano en el pedemonte oriental de la sierra de San Javier (1986-2045). Pp 137-151 en Grau HR (ed) Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La sierra de San Javier y el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, Tucumán
Haddad NM, Brudvig LA, Clobert J, Davies KF, Gonzalez A, Holt RD, Lovejoy TE, Sexton JO, Austin MP, Collins CD, Cook WM, Damschen EI, Ewers RM, Foster BL, Jenkins CN, King AJ, Laurance WF, Levey DJ, Margules CR, Melbourne BA y Townshend JR (2015) Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems. Science advances 1: e1500052
Haedo J, Blendinger PG y Gasparri NI (2010) Estructura espacial del ensamble de aves en el gradiente de urbanización de Yerba Buena – San Miguel de Tucumán, noroeste de Argentina. Pp. 153-166 en Grau HR (ed.) Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La sierra de San Javier y el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, Tucumán
Haedo J, Gioia A, Aráoz E, Paolini L y Malizia A (2017) Primary productivity in cities and their influence over subtropical bird assemblages. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 26:57-64
Han Y, Bai J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Chen P, Sun G, Miao L, Xu Z, Yu L, Zhu C, Zhao D, Ge G y Ruan L (2019) Nest site selection for five common birds and their coexistence in an urban habitat. Science of the Total Environment 690:748-759
IBODA (2014) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Disponible en http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/fa.htm
Ikin KE, Lindenmayer DB, Fischer J y Manning AD (2012) Linking bird species traits to vegetation characteristics in a future urban development zone: implications for urban planning. Urban Ecosystems 15: 961-977
Indec (2010) Censo nacional de población, Hogares y viviendas 2010. Disponible es: http://www.indec.gob.ar
InfoStat (2008) InfoStat, versión 2008. Manual del Usuario. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Primera Edición, Editorial Brujas Argentina
Jagiello Z, Dylewski L, Tobolka M y Aguirre JI (2019) Life in a polluted world: a global review of anthropogenic materials in bird nests. Environmental Pollution 251:717-722
Jokimäki J, Suhonen J, Jokimäki-Kaisanlahti ML y Carbó-Ramírez P (2016) Effects of urbanization on breeding birds in European towns: impacts of species traits. Urban Ecosystems 19:1565-1577
Juri MD (2007) Estudios ecológicos de la Comunidad de Aves en un gradiente urbano. Tucumán, Argentina. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán
Juri MD y Chani JM (2009) Variación estacional en la composición de las comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano. Ecología Austral 19:175-258
Kark S, Iwaniuk A, Schalimtzek A y Banker E (2007) Living in the city: can anyone become an ‘urban exploiter’? Journal of Biogeography 34: 638-651
Leveau LM (2021) Temporal persistence of taxonomic and functional composition in bird communities of urban areas: an evaluation after a 6-year gap in data collection. Urban Ecosystems 25:9-20
Leveau LM, Jokimäki J y Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki M (2021) Urbanization buffers seasonal change in composition of bird communities: A multi-continental meta-analysis. Journal of Biogeography 48:2391-2401
Leveau LM e Ibáñez I (2022) Nesting Site and Plumage Color Are the Main Traits Associated with Bird Species Presence in Urban Areas. Animals 12: 1148
Llambías PE y Ferretti V (2003) Parental care in the Great Kiskadee. Wilson Bulletin 115: 214-216
Luck GW, Lavorel S, McIntyre S y Lumb K (2012) Improving the application of vertebrate trait-based frameworks to the study of ecosystem services. Journal of Animal Ecology 81:1065-1076
Marzluf JM (2017) A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future.Ibis 15:1-13
Mckinney M (2002) Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation. BioScience 52: 883‐890
Nuñez Montellano MG, Guerra C y Jayat JP (2010) Vertebrados terrestres de la Sierra de San Javier (Tucumán, Argentina) y su área de influencia. En: H. R. Grau (ed.), Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La Sierra de San Javier y el gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, pp. 51-76
O’Hanlon NJ, Bond AL, Lavers JL, Masden EA y James NA (2019) Monitoring nest incorporation of anthropogenic debris by northern gannets across their range. Environmental Pollution 255: 113152
Patankar S, Jambhekar R, Suryawanshi KR y Nagendra H (2021) Which traits inﬂuence bird survival in the city? A review. Land 10:92
Paton GD, Shoffner AV, Wilson AM y Gagne SA (2019) The traits that predict the magnitude and spatial scale of forest bird responses to urbanization intensity. PLoS ONE 14, e0220120
Pauchard A, Aguayo M, Peña E y Urrutia R (2006) Multiple effects of urbanization on biodiversity of developing countries: the case of a fast‐growing metropolitan area (Concepción, Chile). Biological Conservation 127: 272‐281
Peluc SI, Sillett TS, Rotenberry JT y Ghalambord CK (2008) Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in an island songbird exposed to a novel predation risk. Behavioral Ecology 19: 830–835
de la Peña MR (2021) Nidos y Reproducción de Aves Argentinas. Tomo 2 Passeriformes. Comunicaciones del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino N° 2
Pereira Z y Melo C (2012) Nestling’s pellets of the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) in brazilian urbane environment. Ornitologia Neotropical 23:269-276
Perepelizin PV y Faggi AM (2009) Diversidad De Aves En Tres Barrios De La Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina. Multequina 18:71-85
Reynaud PA y Thioulouse J (2000) Identification of birds as biological markers along a neotropical urban-rural gradient (Cayenne, French Guiana), using co-inertia analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 59: 121-140
Reynolds SJ, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Sumasgutner P y Mainwaring MC (2019) Urbanization and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology 160: 841-860
Robertson EP y Olsen BJ (2015) Behavioral plasticity in nest building increases fecundity in marsh birds. The Auk 132: 37-45
Rodewald AD, Kearns LJ y Shustack DP (2013) Consequences of urbanizing landscapes to reproductive performance of birds in remnant forests. Biological Conservation 160:32-39
Rupert C (1997) Breeding densities and habitat of riparian birds along the lower Rio Grande, Texas. Master's Thesis, Univ. of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg
Salvador S (2012) Reutilización De Nidos Por Aves En El Área Central De Córdoba, Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas - Segunda Serie 91:1-9
Savard J, Clergeau P y Mennechez G (2000) Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystem. Landscape and Urban Planning 48: 131‐142
Sazima I y D'Angelo G (2015) Dangerous traps: anhingas mistake anthropogenic debris for prey fish at an urban site in South-Eastern Brazil. Revista Brasileria de Ornitología 23: 380-384
Stagol LK, Manning AD, Knight E, Fischer J y Lindenmayer DB (2010) Using bird-habitat relationships to inform urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 98: 13-25
Suarez-Rubio M, Leimgruber P y Renner SC (2011) Influence of exurban development on bird species richness and diversity. Journal of Ornithology 152:461-471
Svensson E (1997) Natural selection on avian breeding time: causality, fecundity-dependent, and fecundity-independent selection. Evolution 51:1276-1283
Thornton M, Todd I y Roos S (2017) Breeding success and productivity of urban and rural Eurasian Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus in Scotland. Écoscience 24: 115–126
Trópicos (2015) Missouri Botanical Garden. Disponible en http://www.tropicos.org
United Nations (2015) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, (ST/ESA/SER.A/366). Ed. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The United Nations, New York
Wilson MC, Chen X, Corlett RT, Didham RK, Ding P, Holt RD, Holyoak M, Hu G, Hughes AC, Jiang L, Laurance WF, Liu J, Pimm SL, Robinson SK, Russo SE, Si X, Wilcove DS, Wu J y Yu M (2016) Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation: key findings and future challenges. Landscape Ecology 31: 219-227
Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River

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Sergio Luis Hoyos, María Elisa Fanjul, Mariela Alderete (1951). Aspects of the reproductive biology of the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) under different degrees of urbanization in an urban agglomeration of Northwestern Argentina. El Hornero, Vol. 37 No. 2 (2022), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.410

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[1] Amâncio S, Barbosa de Souza V y Melo C (2008) Columba livia e Pitangus sulphuratus como indicadoras de qualidade ambiental em área urbana. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 16:32-37

[2] Battisti C, Staffieri E, Poeta G, Sorace A, Luiselli L y Amori G (2019) Interactions between anthropogenic litter and birds: a global review with a “black-list” of species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 138:93-114

[3] Beninde J, Veith M y Hochkirch A (2015) Biodiversity in cities needs space: a metaanalysis of factors determining intra-urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters 18: 581-592

[4] Bibby CJ, Hill DA y Burgess ND (2000) Bird Census Techniques. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London

[5] Blair RB (1996) Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6:506-519

[6] Blettler MCM y Mitchell C (2021) Dangerous traps: macroplastic encounters affecting freshwater and terrestrial wildlife. Science of the Total Environment 798:149317

[7] Brown A, Martinez Ortiz U, Acerbi M. y Corcuera J (2006) La Situación Ambiental Argentina 2005, Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

[8] Canevari M, Canevari P, Carrizo GR, Harris G, Rodriguez Mata J y Straneck RJ (1991) Nueva Guía de las Aves Argentinas. Vols 1 y 2. Fundación Acindar, Buenos Aires

[9] Cepillo T y Fitzpatrick JW (2020) Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), versión 1.0. En Birds of the World (AF Poole y FB Gill, Editores). Laboratorio de Ornitología de Cornell, Ithaca, NY, EE. UU.

[10] Corrales-Moya J y Sandoval L (2021) Does the distance to forests or buildings influence Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) nesting site selection? Ornitología Neotropical 32: 28–33

[11] Croci S, Butet A, Georges A, Aguejdad R y Clergeau P (2008) Small urban woodlands as biodiversity conservation hot-spot: a multi-taxon approach. Landscape Ecology 23:1171-1186

[12] Ghalambor CK y Martin TE (2002) Comparative manipulation of predation risk in incubating birds reveals variability in the plasticity of responses. Behavioral Ecology 13:101-108

[13] Grau HR, Hernández ME, Gutierrez J, Gasparri NI, Casavecchia MC, Flores-Ivaldi EE y Paolini L (2008) A peri-urban neotropical forest transition and its consequences for environmental services. Ecology and Society 13: 35

[14] Gorena RL (1995) Feeding and nesting ecology of the Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus texanus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) in the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas. Master's Thesis, Univ. of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg

[15] Gupta A (2002) Geoindicators for Tropical Urbanization. Environmental Geology 42: 736‐742

[16] Gutiérrez Angonese J (2010) Dinámica espacio-temporal de crecimiento urbano en el pedemonte oriental de la sierra de San Javier (1986-2045). Pp 137-151 en Grau HR (ed) Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La sierra de San Javier y el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, Tucumán

[17] Haddad NM, Brudvig LA, Clobert J, Davies KF, Gonzalez A, Holt RD, Lovejoy TE, Sexton JO, Austin MP, Collins CD, Cook WM, Damschen EI, Ewers RM, Foster BL, Jenkins CN, King AJ, Laurance WF, Levey DJ, Margules CR, Melbourne BA y Townshend JR (2015) Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems. Science advances 1: e1500052

[18] Haedo J, Blendinger PG y Gasparri NI (2010) Estructura espacial del ensamble de aves en el gradiente de urbanización de Yerba Buena – San Miguel de Tucumán, noroeste de Argentina. Pp. 153-166 en Grau HR (ed.) Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La sierra de San Javier y el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, Tucumán

[19] Haedo J, Gioia A, Aráoz E, Paolini L y Malizia A (2017) Primary productivity in cities and their influence over subtropical bird assemblages. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 26:57-64

[20] Han Y, Bai J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Chen P, Sun G, Miao L, Xu Z, Yu L, Zhu C, Zhao D, Ge G y Ruan L (2019) Nest site selection for five common birds and their coexistence in an urban habitat. Science of the Total Environment 690:748-759

[21] IBODA (2014) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Disponible en http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/fa.htm

[22] Ikin KE, Lindenmayer DB, Fischer J y Manning AD (2012) Linking bird species traits to vegetation characteristics in a future urban development zone: implications for urban planning. Urban Ecosystems 15: 961-977

[23] Indec (2010) Censo nacional de población, Hogares y viviendas 2010. Disponible es: http://www.indec.gob.ar

[24] InfoStat (2008) InfoStat, versión 2008. Manual del Usuario. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Primera Edición, Editorial Brujas Argentina

[25] Jagiello Z, Dylewski L, Tobolka M y Aguirre JI (2019) Life in a polluted world: a global review of anthropogenic materials in bird nests. Environmental Pollution 251:717-722

[26] Jokimäki J, Suhonen J, Jokimäki-Kaisanlahti ML y Carbó-Ramírez P (2016) Effects of urbanization on breeding birds in European towns: impacts of species traits. Urban Ecosystems 19:1565-1577

[27] Juri MD (2007) Estudios ecológicos de la Comunidad de Aves en un gradiente urbano. Tucumán, Argentina. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán

[28] Juri MD y Chani JM (2009) Variación estacional en la composición de las comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano. Ecología Austral 19:175-258

[29] Kark S, Iwaniuk A, Schalimtzek A y Banker E (2007) Living in the city: can anyone become an ‘urban exploiter’? Journal of Biogeography 34: 638-651

[30] Leveau LM (2021) Temporal persistence of taxonomic and functional composition in bird communities of urban areas: an evaluation after a 6-year gap in data collection. Urban Ecosystems 25:9-20

[31] Leveau LM, Jokimäki J y Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki M (2021) Urbanization buffers seasonal change in composition of bird communities: A multi-continental meta-analysis. Journal of Biogeography 48:2391-2401

[32] Leveau LM e Ibáñez I (2022) Nesting Site and Plumage Color Are the Main Traits Associated with Bird Species Presence in Urban Areas. Animals 12: 1148

[33] Llambías PE y Ferretti V (2003) Parental care in the Great Kiskadee. Wilson Bulletin 115: 214-216

[34] Luck GW, Lavorel S, McIntyre S y Lumb K (2012) Improving the application of vertebrate trait-based frameworks to the study of ecosystem services. Journal of Animal Ecology 81:1065-1076

[35] Marzluf JM (2017) A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future.Ibis 15:1-13

[36] Mckinney M (2002) Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation. BioScience 52: 883‐890

[37] Nuñez Montellano MG, Guerra C y Jayat JP (2010) Vertebrados terrestres de la Sierra de San Javier (Tucumán, Argentina) y su área de influencia. En: H. R. Grau (ed.), Ecología de una interfase natural – urbana. La Sierra de San Javier y el gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, pp. 51-76

[38] O’Hanlon NJ, Bond AL, Lavers JL, Masden EA y James NA (2019) Monitoring nest incorporation of anthropogenic debris by northern gannets across their range. Environmental Pollution 255: 113152

[39] Patankar S, Jambhekar R, Suryawanshi KR y Nagendra H (2021) Which traits inﬂuence bird survival in the city? A review. Land 10:92

[40] Paton GD, Shoffner AV, Wilson AM y Gagne SA (2019) The traits that predict the magnitude and spatial scale of forest bird responses to urbanization intensity. PLoS ONE 14, e0220120

[41] Pauchard A, Aguayo M, Peña E y Urrutia R (2006) Multiple effects of urbanization on biodiversity of developing countries: the case of a fast‐growing metropolitan area (Concepción, Chile). Biological Conservation 127: 272‐281

[42] Peluc SI, Sillett TS, Rotenberry JT y Ghalambord CK (2008) Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in an island songbird exposed to a novel predation risk. Behavioral Ecology 19: 830–835

[43] de la Peña MR (2021) Nidos y Reproducción de Aves Argentinas. Tomo 2 Passeriformes. Comunicaciones del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino N° 2

[44] Pereira Z y Melo C (2012) Nestling’s pellets of the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) in brazilian urbane environment. Ornitologia Neotropical 23:269-276

[45] Perepelizin PV y Faggi AM (2009) Diversidad De Aves En Tres Barrios De La Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina. Multequina 18:71-85

[46] Reynaud PA y Thioulouse J (2000) Identification of birds as biological markers along a neotropical urban-rural gradient (Cayenne, French Guiana), using co-inertia analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 59: 121-140

[47] Reynolds SJ, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Sumasgutner P y Mainwaring MC (2019) Urbanization and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology 160: 841-860

[48] Robertson EP y Olsen BJ (2015) Behavioral plasticity in nest building increases fecundity in marsh birds. The Auk 132: 37-45

[49] Rodewald AD, Kearns LJ y Shustack DP (2013) Consequences of urbanizing landscapes to reproductive performance of birds in remnant forests. Biological Conservation 160:32-39

[50] Rupert C (1997) Breeding densities and habitat of riparian birds along the lower Rio Grande, Texas. Master's Thesis, Univ. of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg

[51] Salvador S (2012) Reutilización De Nidos Por Aves En El Área Central De Córdoba, Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas - Segunda Serie 91:1-9

[52] Savard J, Clergeau P y Mennechez G (2000) Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystem. Landscape and Urban Planning 48: 131‐142

[53] Sazima I y D'Angelo G (2015) Dangerous traps: anhingas mistake anthropogenic debris for prey fish at an urban site in South-Eastern Brazil. Revista Brasileria de Ornitología 23: 380-384

[54] Stagol LK, Manning AD, Knight E, Fischer J y Lindenmayer DB (2010) Using bird-habitat relationships to inform urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 98: 13-25

[55] Suarez-Rubio M, Leimgruber P y Renner SC (2011) Influence of exurban development on bird species richness and diversity. Journal of Ornithology 152:461-471

[56] Svensson E (1997) Natural selection on avian breeding time: causality, fecundity-dependent, and fecundity-independent selection. Evolution 51:1276-1283

[57] Thornton M, Todd I y Roos S (2017) Breeding success and productivity of urban and rural Eurasian Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus in Scotland. Écoscience 24: 115–126

[58] Trópicos (2015) Missouri Botanical Garden. Disponible en http://www.tropicos.org

[59] United Nations (2015) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, (ST/ESA/SER.A/366). Ed. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The United Nations, New York

[60] Wilson MC, Chen X, Corlett RT, Didham RK, Ding P, Holt RD, Holyoak M, Hu G, Hughes AC, Jiang L, Laurance WF, Liu J, Pimm SL, Robinson SK, Russo SE, Si X, Wilcove DS, Wu J y Yu M (2016) Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation: key findings and future challenges. Landscape Ecology 31: 219-227

[61] Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River