Un lente de islas para la ornitología argentina

Ulises Balza

doi:10.56178/eh.v36i1.383

Points of View Published 01 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v36i1.383

An island lens for argentine ornithology

Biogeografía de islas fragmentación Isla de los Estados Islas Georgias del Sur Islas Malvinas Tierra del Fuego

Ulises Balza Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina

Abstract

Many examples of important ecological processes come from island ecosystems. This is due to its limited space and biodiversity, as well as to the fact that its geological history and connection with continents are usually known in detail. However, in Argentina there is still a rudimentary knowledge about the birds that depend partially or totally on island ecosystems. In this work, I review and discuss ornithological information on the island ecosystems of Argentina, arguing that they may be a priority for future research and management. Knowing the biodiversity of the islands, their particularities and their current conservation status could be relevant in the future to avoid local extinctions. Moreover, islands can provide refuges for unique taxa and areas where invasive species management may be more feasible. Furthermore, understanding island ecology can be useful for studying and conserving other ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, which is highly relevant in an increasingly fragmented landscapes.

PDF (Spanish)

References

Alunni, D., Vázquez, M., & Zangrando, A. F. (2020). Explotación de guanacos por cazadores-recolectores durante el Holoceno medio en la costa sur de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Arqueología, 26, 157-180.
Anderson, C. B., & Rosemond, A. D. (2007). Ecosystem engineering by invasive exotic beavers reduces in-stream diversity and enhances ecosystem function in Cape Horn, Chile. Oecologia, 154, 141-153.
Anderson, C. B., Lencinas, V., Wallem, P. K., Valenzuela, A. E. J., Simanonok, M. P., & Martínez Pastur, G. (2014). Engineering by an invasive species alters landscape-level ecosystem function, but does not affect biodiversity in freshwater systems. Diversity and Distributions, 20, 214-222.
Arcese, P., Smith, J. N. M., Hochachka, W. M., Rogers, C. M., & Ludwig, D. (1992). Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population. Ecology, 73, 805-822.
Balza, U., Lois, N. A., Polito, M. J., Putz, K., Salom, A., & Raya Rey, A. (2020). The dynamic trophic niche of an island bird of prey. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 12264-12276.
Balza, U., Lois, N. A., & Raya Rey, A. (2017). Status and Reproductive Outcome of the Breeding Population of Striated Caracaras (Phalcoboenus australis) at Franklin Bay, Staten Island, Argentina. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 129, 890-898.
Barbe, I. (2020). Manejo de una población exótica invasora en un área protegida: control de gatos (Felis catus) en la Reserva Natural Isla Martín García y su impacto sobre la fauna nativa. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires.
Bravo, C., Chamorro, D., Hiraldo, F., Speziale, K., Lambertucci, S., Tella, J., & Blanco, G. (2020). Physiological dormancy broken by endozoochory: Austral parakeets (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as legitimate dispersers of calafate (Berberis microphylla) in the Patagonian Andes. Journal of Plant Ecology, 13, 538-544.
Bravo, S. P., Cueto, V. R., & Gorosito, C. A. (2017). Migratory timing, rate, routes and wintering areas of White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps chilensis), a key seed disperser for Patagonian Forest regeneration. PLoS One, 12, e0170188.
Brooke, M. D. L., Bonnaud, E., Dilley, B. J., Flint, E. N., Holmes, N. D., Jones, H. P., & Provost, P. (2016). Seabird population changes following mammal eradications on islands. Animal Conservation, 21, 3-12.
Brown, J. H. (1971). Mammals on mountaintops: nonequilibrium insular biogeography. American Naturalist, 105(467-478).
Buddenhagen, C., & Jewell, K. J. (2006). Invasive plant seed viability after processing by some endemic Galapagos birds. Ornitologia Neotropical, 17(73-80).
Campagna, L., St Clair, J. J. H., Lougheed, S. C., Woods, R. W., Imberti, S., & Tubaro, P. L. (2012). Divergence between passerine populations from the Malvinas-Falkland Islands and their continental counterparts: A comparative phylogeographical study. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 106(865-879).
Campagna, L., McCracken, K. G., & Lovette, I. J. (2019). Gradual evolution towards flightlessness in steamer ducks. Evolution, 73(1916-1926).
Carboneras, C., & Kirwan, G. M. (2020). Falkland Steamer-Duck (Tachyeres brachypterus). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, & E. de Juana (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
Cavallero, L., Ojeda, V., Chaneton, E., Farji-Brener, A. G., Chazarreta, L., Chalcoff, V., Kitzberger, T., Lescano, N., Garibaldi, L., Mazia, N., Caccia, F., Pozzi, C., Trejo, A., & Díaz, S. (2014). Interacciones Complejas. In: Raffaele, E., De Torres Curth, M., Morales, C. L., & Kitzberger, T. (eds). Ecología e historia natural de la Patagonia Andina: un cuarto de siglo de investigación en biogeografía, ecología y conservación. Fundación Félix de Azara, Buenos Aires.
Clark, R. (1984). Notas sobre aves de Península Mitre, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Hornero, 12(212-218).
Clark, R. (1986). Aves de Tierra del Fuego y Cabo de Hornos. LOLA, Buenos Aires.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London.
Del Hoyo, J., Remsen, J. V., Kirwan, G. M., & Collar, N. (2020). Blackish Cinclodes (Cinclodes antarcticus). In: S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, & T. S. Schulenberg (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
Díaz, S., & Kitzberger, T. (2012). Nest habitat selection by the Austral parakeet in north-western Patagonia. Austral Ecology, 38(268-278).
Folch, A., Del Hoyo, J., Christie, D. A., Collar, N., Jutglar, F., & García, E. F. J. (2020). Lesser Rhea (Rhea pennata). In: S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, & T. S. Schulenberg (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
Formoso, A. E., Agüero, L., & Udrizar Sauthier, D. E. (2019). Diet of the Southern Caracara in a near-shore insular system in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 31(1339-1343).
Frere, E., Travaini, A., Parera, A., & Schiavini, A. (1999). Striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis) population at Staten and Año Nuevo islands. Journal of Raptor Research, 33, 268-269.
Fulton, T. L., Letts, B., & Shapiro, B. (2012). Multiple losses of flight and recent speciation in steamer ducks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 279, 2339-2346.
Gangoso, L., Donázar, J. A., Scholz, S., Palacios, C. J., & Hiraldo, F. (2006). Contradiction in conservation of island ecosystems: Plants, introduced herbivores and avian scavengers in the Canary Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 2231-2248.
Glen, A. S., Atkinson, R., Campbell, K. J., Hagen, E., Holmes, N. D., Keitt, B. S., ... & Torres, H. (2013). Eradicating multiple invasive species on inhabited islands: The next big step in island restoration? Biological Invasions, 15, 2589-2603.
Goodall, R. N. P. (1978). Tierra del Fuego. Ediciones Shanamaiim, Buenos Aires.
Hanski, I. (2016). Messages from islands: A global biodiversity tour. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hipfner, J. M., Blight, L. K., Lowe, R. W., Wilhelm, S. I., Robertson, G. J., Barrett, R. T., ... & Good, T. P. (2012). Unintended consequences: How the recovery of sea eagle Haliaeetus spp. populations in the northern hemisphere is affecting seabirds. Marine Ornithology, 40, 39-52.
Horwitz, V. D., & Weissel, M. N. (2011). Arqueología de Isla de los Estados: la frontera de la abundancia. In Zangrando, A. F., Tessone, A., & Vázquez, M. (Eds.), Los cazadores-recolectores del extremo oriental fueguino: arqueología de Península Mitre e Isla de los Estados (pp. 143-170). Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.
Howald, G., Donlan, C. J., Galvan, J. P., Russell, J. C., Parkes, J., Samaniego, A., ... & Tershy, B. (2007). Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology, 21, 1258-1268.
Jiménez, J. E., Jahn, A. E., Rozzi, R., & Seavy, N. E. (2016). First documented migration of individual white-crested elaenias (Elaenia albiceps chilensis) in South America. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 128, 419-425.
Jory, J. E. (1975). Observaciones etológicas de Pterocnemia pennata pennata (D'Orbigny) (Aves: Rheidae). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 6, 147-159.
Kier, G., Kreft, H., Tien, M. L., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P. L., Nowicki, C., ... & Barthlott, W. (2009). A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9322-9327.
Kopuchian, C., Campagna, L., Di Giacomo, A. E., Wilson, R. E., Bulgarella, M., Petracci, P., ... & McCracken, K. G. (2016). Demographic history inferred from genome-wide data reveals two lineages of sheldgeese endemic to a glacial refugium in the southern Atlantic. Journal of Biogeography, 43, 1979-1989.
Kroodsma, D. E., Brewer, D., & Sharpe, C. J. (2020). Cobb's Wren (Troglodytes cobbi). Version 1.0. en: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., & de Juana, E. (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
Liljesthrom, M., Fasola, L., Valenzuela, A., Raya Rey, A., & Schiavini, A. (2014). Nest predators of flightless steamer-ducks (Tachyeres pteneres) and flying steamer-ducks (Tachyeres patachonicus). Waterbirds, 37, 210-214.
Liljesthröm, M., Schiavini, A., Sáenz Samaniego, R., Fasola, L., & Raya Rey, A. (2013). Kelp Geese (Chloephaga hybrida) and Flightless Steamer-Ducks (Tachyeres pteneres) in the Beagle Channel: the importance of islands in providing nesting habitat. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 125, 583-591.
Lois, N. A., Campagna, L., Balza, U., Polito, M. J., Pütz, K., Vianna, J. A., ... & Mahler, B. (2020). Metapopulation dynamics and foraging plasticity in a highly vagile seabird, the southern rockhopper penguin. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 3346-3355.
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., & De Poorter, M. (2000). 100 of the World's worst invasive alien species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Auckland.
MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Maley, B. M., Anderson, C. B., Stodola, K., & Rosemond, A. D. (2011). Identifying native and exotic predators of ground-nesting songbirds in subantarctic forests in southern Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 39, 51-57.
Marques, O. A. V., Martins, M., Develey, P. F., Macarrão, A., & Sazima, I. (2012). The golden lancehead Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) relies on two seasonally plentiful bird species visiting its island habitat. Journal of Natural History, 46, 885-895.
Martín-Albarracín, V. L., Amico, G. C., & Nuñez, M. A. (2017). The introduced Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) in Patagonia: Abundance, group structure, activity patterns and association to human disturbance. Hornero, 32, 227-236.
Martín-Albarracín, V. L., Nuñez, M. A., & Amico, G. C. (2015). Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park. PeerJ, 3, e1328.
Martín, F. M., Massone, M., Prieto, A., & Cárdenas, P. (2009). Presencia de Rheidae en Tierra del Fuego durante la transición pleistoceno-holoceno. Implicancias biogeográficas y paleoecológicas. Magallania, 37, 173-177.
Massoia, E., & Chébez, J. C. (1993). Mamíferos silvestres del archipiélago fueguino. LOLA, Buenos Aires.
MAyDS y AA (2017). Categorización de las Aves de la Argentina. Informe del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación y de Aves Argentinas, edición electrónica, Buenos Aires.
Nardi, C. F., Fernández, D. A., Vanella, F. A., & Chalde, T. (2019). The expansion of exotic Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the extreme south of Patagonia: An environmental DNA approach. Biological Invasions, 21, 1415-1425.
Narosky, T., & Babarskas, M. (2000). Guía de aves de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires.
Nogales, M., Vidal, E., Medina, F. M., Bonnaud, E., Tershy, B. R., Campbell, K. J., & Zavaleta, E. S. (2013). Feral cats and biodiversity conservation: The urgent prioritization of island management. BioScience, 63, 804-810.
Nores, M. (1995). Insular biogeography of birds on mountain-tops in north western Argentina. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 61-70.
Ocampo, D., & Londoño, G. A. (2015). Tropical montane birds have increased nesting success on small river islands. Auk, 132(1), 1-10.
Parera, A., Schiavini, A., & Frere, E. (1997). Relevamiento ecológico de la Isla de los Estados: observaciones sobre su estado de conservación y sugerencias de manejo. Boletín Técnico Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, 38, 1-38.
Patiño, J., Whittaker, R. J., Borges, P. A. V., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., Ah-Peng, C., Araújo, M. B., ... & Emerson, B. C. (2017). A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of The Theory of Island Biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 44(5), 963-983.
Pereyra, P. J. (2019). Rethinking the native range concept. Conservation Biology, 34(2), 373-377.
Polis, G. A., & Hurd, S. D. (1996). Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: Allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. American Naturalist, 147(3), 396-423.
Poljak, S., Escobar, J., Deferrari, G., & Lizarralde, M. (2007). Un nuevo mamífero introducido en la Tierra del Fuego: El "peludo" Chaetophractus villosus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) en Isla Grande. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80(2), 285-294.
Ponce, J. F., Rabassa, J., Coronato, A., & Borromei, A. M. (2011). Palaeogeographical evolution of the Atlantic coast of Pampa and Patagonia from the last glacial maximum to the Middle Holocene. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103(2), 363-379.
Quiroga, D. R. A., Coronado, A., Scioscia, G., Raya-Rey, A., Schiavini, A., Santos-González, J., ... & Redondo-Vega, J. M. (2020). Erosive features caused by a Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 46(2), 477-496.
Riebesell, J. F. (1982). Arctic-alpine plants on mountaintops: agreement with island biogeography theory (Adirondacks). American Naturalist, 119(5), 657-674.
Rivera-Parra, J. L., Levenstein, K. M., Bednarz, J. C., Vargas, F. H., Carrión, V., & Parker, P. G. (2012). Implications of goat eradication on the survivorship of the Galapagos hawk. Journal of Wildlife Management, 76(6), 1197-1204.
Rosenberg, G. H. (1990). Habitat specialization and foraging behavior by birds of Amazonian River islands in northeastern Peru. Condor, 92(2), 427-443.
Santiago, F. (2012). Averaged diets: exploring the supra-regional zooarchaeological record in Tierra del Fuego. Revista del Museo de Antropología, 5(1), 225-238.
Santiago, F., & Salemme, M. C. (2016). Guanaco hunting strategies in the northern plains of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 43, 110-127.
Schlatter, R. P., & Vergara, P. (2005). Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) sap feeding and its role in the Tierra del Fuego forest bird assemblage. Journal of Ornithology, 146(2), 188-190.
Schiavini, A., & Niekisch, M. (1998). Desarrollo y conservación de la Isla de los Estados (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Bonn.
Schüttler, E., Cárcamo, J., & Rozzi, R. (2008). Diet of the American mink Mustela vison and its potential impact on the native fauna of Navarino Island, Cape Horn biosphere reserve, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 81(4), 585-598.
Sérsic, A. N., & Cocucci, A. A. (1996). A remarkable case of ornithophily in Calceolaria: Food bodies as rewards for a non-nectarivorous bird. Botanica Acta, 109(2), 172-176.
Simberloff, D., & Abele, L. G. (1982). Refuge design and island biogeographic theory: effects of fragmentation. American Naturalist, 120(1), 41-50.
Sol, D. (2000). Are islands more susceptible to be invaded than continents? Birds say no. Ecography, 23(6), 687-692.
Spatz, D. R., Newton, K. M., Heinz, R., Tershy, B., Holmes, N. D., Butchart, S. H. M., & Croll, D. A. (2014). The biogeography of globally threatened seabirds and island conservation opportunities. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1282-1290.
Tella, J. L., Baños-Villalba, A., Hernandez-Brito, D., Rojas, A., Pacífico, E., Díaz-Luque, J. A., Carrete, M., Blanco, G., & Hiraldo, F. (2015). Parrots as overlooked seed dispersers. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13(6), 338-339.
Thornton, I. W., Zann, R. A., Rawlinson, P. A., Tidemann, C. R., Adikerana, A. S., & Widjoya, A. H. (1988). Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by vertebrates: Equilibrium, succession, and possible delayed extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(2), 515-518.
Traveset, A., Tur, C., Trøjelsgaard, K., Heleno, R., Castro-Urgal, R., & Olesen, J. M. (2016). Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(8), 880-890.
Tyler, S. (2020). South Georgia Pipit (Anthus antarcticus). Version 1.0. en: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., & de Juana, E. (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
Udrizar Sauthier, D. E., Formoso, A. E., Cheli, G., & Pazos, G. (2017). Food habits of the magellanic horned owl (Bubo magellanicus) in a coastal island of Patagonia, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical, 28(3), 237-241.
Valenzuela, A. E. J., Anderson, C. B., Fasola, L., & Cabello, J. L. (2014). Linking invasive exotic vertebrates and their ecosystem impacts in Tierra del Fuego to test theory and determine action. Acta Oecologica, 54(4), 110-118.
Virkkala, R. (2006). Why study woodpeckers? The significance of woodpeckers in forest ecosystems. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43(1), 82-85.
Vuilleumier, F. (1991). Especiación en aves de Fuego-Patagonia Chilena: Estudios preliminares. Anales Instituto de la Patagonia (Chile), 20(2), 83-88.
Wallace, A. R. (1892). Island Life; or the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. Macmillan and Company, London.
Whittaker, R. J., & Fernández-Palacios, J. M. (2007). Island biogeography: Ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wolfe, J. D., Stouffer, P. C., Mokross, K., Powell, L. L., & Anciães, M. M. (2015). Island vs. countryside biogeography: An examination of how Amazonian birds respond to forest clearing and fragmentation. Ecosphere, 6(1), 1-14.
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.

How to cite

Ulises Balza (2021). An island lens for argentine ornithology. El Hornero, Vol. 36 No. 1 (2021), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v36i1.383

Downloads

520Full-text views

1Formats

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

[1] Alunni, D., Vázquez, M., & Zangrando, A. F. (2020). Explotación de guanacos por cazadores-recolectores durante el Holoceno medio en la costa sur de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Arqueología, 26, 157-180.

[2] Anderson, C. B., & Rosemond, A. D. (2007). Ecosystem engineering by invasive exotic beavers reduces in-stream diversity and enhances ecosystem function in Cape Horn, Chile. Oecologia, 154, 141-153.

[3] Anderson, C. B., Lencinas, V., Wallem, P. K., Valenzuela, A. E. J., Simanonok, M. P., & Martínez Pastur, G. (2014). Engineering by an invasive species alters landscape-level ecosystem function, but does not affect biodiversity in freshwater systems. Diversity and Distributions, 20, 214-222.

[4] Arcese, P., Smith, J. N. M., Hochachka, W. M., Rogers, C. M., & Ludwig, D. (1992). Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population. Ecology, 73, 805-822.

[5] Balza, U., Lois, N. A., Polito, M. J., Putz, K., Salom, A., & Raya Rey, A. (2020). The dynamic trophic niche of an island bird of prey. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 12264-12276.

[6] Balza, U., Lois, N. A., & Raya Rey, A. (2017). Status and Reproductive Outcome of the Breeding Population of Striated Caracaras (Phalcoboenus australis) at Franklin Bay, Staten Island, Argentina. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 129, 890-898.

[7] Barbe, I. (2020). Manejo de una población exótica invasora en un área protegida: control de gatos (Felis catus) en la Reserva Natural Isla Martín García y su impacto sobre la fauna nativa. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires.

[8] Bravo, C., Chamorro, D., Hiraldo, F., Speziale, K., Lambertucci, S., Tella, J., & Blanco, G. (2020). Physiological dormancy broken by endozoochory: Austral parakeets (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as legitimate dispersers of calafate (Berberis microphylla) in the Patagonian Andes. Journal of Plant Ecology, 13, 538-544.

[9] Bravo, S. P., Cueto, V. R., & Gorosito, C. A. (2017). Migratory timing, rate, routes and wintering areas of White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps chilensis), a key seed disperser for Patagonian Forest regeneration. PLoS One, 12, e0170188.

[10] Brooke, M. D. L., Bonnaud, E., Dilley, B. J., Flint, E. N., Holmes, N. D., Jones, H. P., & Provost, P. (2016). Seabird population changes following mammal eradications on islands. Animal Conservation, 21, 3-12.

[11] Brown, J. H. (1971). Mammals on mountaintops: nonequilibrium insular biogeography. American Naturalist, 105(467-478).

[12] Buddenhagen, C., & Jewell, K. J. (2006). Invasive plant seed viability after processing by some endemic Galapagos birds. Ornitologia Neotropical, 17(73-80).

[13] Campagna, L., St Clair, J. J. H., Lougheed, S. C., Woods, R. W., Imberti, S., & Tubaro, P. L. (2012). Divergence between passerine populations from the Malvinas-Falkland Islands and their continental counterparts: A comparative phylogeographical study. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 106(865-879).

[14] Campagna, L., McCracken, K. G., & Lovette, I. J. (2019). Gradual evolution towards flightlessness in steamer ducks. Evolution, 73(1916-1926).

[15] Carboneras, C., & Kirwan, G. M. (2020). Falkland Steamer-Duck (Tachyeres brachypterus). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, & E. de Juana (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.

[16] Cavallero, L., Ojeda, V., Chaneton, E., Farji-Brener, A. G., Chazarreta, L., Chalcoff, V., Kitzberger, T., Lescano, N., Garibaldi, L., Mazia, N., Caccia, F., Pozzi, C., Trejo, A., & Díaz, S. (2014). Interacciones Complejas. In: Raffaele, E., De Torres Curth, M., Morales, C. L., & Kitzberger, T. (eds). Ecología e historia natural de la Patagonia Andina: un cuarto de siglo de investigación en biogeografía, ecología y conservación. Fundación Félix de Azara, Buenos Aires.

[17] Clark, R. (1984). Notas sobre aves de Península Mitre, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Hornero, 12(212-218).

[18] Clark, R. (1986). Aves de Tierra del Fuego y Cabo de Hornos. LOLA, Buenos Aires.

[19] Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London.

[20] Del Hoyo, J., Remsen, J. V., Kirwan, G. M., & Collar, N. (2020). Blackish Cinclodes (Cinclodes antarcticus). In: S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, & T. S. Schulenberg (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.

[21] Díaz, S., & Kitzberger, T. (2012). Nest habitat selection by the Austral parakeet in north-western Patagonia. Austral Ecology, 38(268-278).

[22] Folch, A., Del Hoyo, J., Christie, D. A., Collar, N., Jutglar, F., & García, E. F. J. (2020). Lesser Rhea (Rhea pennata). In: S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, & T. S. Schulenberg (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.

[23] Formoso, A. E., Agüero, L., & Udrizar Sauthier, D. E. (2019). Diet of the Southern Caracara in a near-shore insular system in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 31(1339-1343).

[24] Frere, E., Travaini, A., Parera, A., & Schiavini, A. (1999). Striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis) population at Staten and Año Nuevo islands. Journal of Raptor Research, 33, 268-269.

[25] Fulton, T. L., Letts, B., & Shapiro, B. (2012). Multiple losses of flight and recent speciation in steamer ducks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 279, 2339-2346.

[26] Gangoso, L., Donázar, J. A., Scholz, S., Palacios, C. J., & Hiraldo, F. (2006). Contradiction in conservation of island ecosystems: Plants, introduced herbivores and avian scavengers in the Canary Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 2231-2248.

[27] Glen, A. S., Atkinson, R., Campbell, K. J., Hagen, E., Holmes, N. D., Keitt, B. S., ... & Torres, H. (2013). Eradicating multiple invasive species on inhabited islands: The next big step in island restoration? Biological Invasions, 15, 2589-2603.

[28] Goodall, R. N. P. (1978). Tierra del Fuego. Ediciones Shanamaiim, Buenos Aires.

[29] Hanski, I. (2016). Messages from islands: A global biodiversity tour. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

[30] Hipfner, J. M., Blight, L. K., Lowe, R. W., Wilhelm, S. I., Robertson, G. J., Barrett, R. T., ... & Good, T. P. (2012). Unintended consequences: How the recovery of sea eagle Haliaeetus spp. populations in the northern hemisphere is affecting seabirds. Marine Ornithology, 40, 39-52.

[31] Horwitz, V. D., & Weissel, M. N. (2011). Arqueología de Isla de los Estados: la frontera de la abundancia. In Zangrando, A. F., Tessone, A., & Vázquez, M. (Eds.), Los cazadores-recolectores del extremo oriental fueguino: arqueología de Península Mitre e Isla de los Estados (pp. 143-170). Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.

[32] Howald, G., Donlan, C. J., Galvan, J. P., Russell, J. C., Parkes, J., Samaniego, A., ... & Tershy, B. (2007). Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology, 21, 1258-1268.

[33] Jiménez, J. E., Jahn, A. E., Rozzi, R., & Seavy, N. E. (2016). First documented migration of individual white-crested elaenias (Elaenia albiceps chilensis) in South America. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 128, 419-425.

[34] Jory, J. E. (1975). Observaciones etológicas de Pterocnemia pennata pennata (D'Orbigny) (Aves: Rheidae). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 6, 147-159.

[35] Kier, G., Kreft, H., Tien, M. L., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P. L., Nowicki, C., ... & Barthlott, W. (2009). A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9322-9327.

[36] Kopuchian, C., Campagna, L., Di Giacomo, A. E., Wilson, R. E., Bulgarella, M., Petracci, P., ... & McCracken, K. G. (2016). Demographic history inferred from genome-wide data reveals two lineages of sheldgeese endemic to a glacial refugium in the southern Atlantic. Journal of Biogeography, 43, 1979-1989.

[37] Kroodsma, D. E., Brewer, D., & Sharpe, C. J. (2020). Cobb's Wren (Troglodytes cobbi). Version 1.0. en: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., & de Juana, E. (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.

[38] Liljesthrom, M., Fasola, L., Valenzuela, A., Raya Rey, A., & Schiavini, A. (2014). Nest predators of flightless steamer-ducks (Tachyeres pteneres) and flying steamer-ducks (Tachyeres patachonicus). Waterbirds, 37, 210-214.

[39] Liljesthröm, M., Schiavini, A., Sáenz Samaniego, R., Fasola, L., & Raya Rey, A. (2013). Kelp Geese (Chloephaga hybrida) and Flightless Steamer-Ducks (Tachyeres pteneres) in the Beagle Channel: the importance of islands in providing nesting habitat. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 125, 583-591.

[40] Lois, N. A., Campagna, L., Balza, U., Polito, M. J., Pütz, K., Vianna, J. A., ... & Mahler, B. (2020). Metapopulation dynamics and foraging plasticity in a highly vagile seabird, the southern rockhopper penguin. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 3346-3355.

[41] Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., & De Poorter, M. (2000). 100 of the World's worst invasive alien species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Auckland.

[42] MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

[43] Maley, B. M., Anderson, C. B., Stodola, K., & Rosemond, A. D. (2011). Identifying native and exotic predators of ground-nesting songbirds in subantarctic forests in southern Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 39, 51-57.

[44] Marques, O. A. V., Martins, M., Develey, P. F., Macarrão, A., & Sazima, I. (2012). The golden lancehead Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) relies on two seasonally plentiful bird species visiting its island habitat. Journal of Natural History, 46, 885-895.

[45] Martín-Albarracín, V. L., Amico, G. C., & Nuñez, M. A. (2017). The introduced Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) in Patagonia: Abundance, group structure, activity patterns and association to human disturbance. Hornero, 32, 227-236.

[46] Martín-Albarracín, V. L., Nuñez, M. A., & Amico, G. C. (2015). Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park. PeerJ, 3, e1328.

[47] Martín, F. M., Massone, M., Prieto, A., & Cárdenas, P. (2009). Presencia de Rheidae en Tierra del Fuego durante la transición pleistoceno-holoceno. Implicancias biogeográficas y paleoecológicas. Magallania, 37, 173-177.

[48] Massoia, E., & Chébez, J. C. (1993). Mamíferos silvestres del archipiélago fueguino. LOLA, Buenos Aires.

[49] MAyDS y AA (2017). Categorización de las Aves de la Argentina. Informe del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación y de Aves Argentinas, edición electrónica, Buenos Aires.

[50] Nardi, C. F., Fernández, D. A., Vanella, F. A., & Chalde, T. (2019). The expansion of exotic Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the extreme south of Patagonia: An environmental DNA approach. Biological Invasions, 21, 1415-1425.

[51] Narosky, T., & Babarskas, M. (2000). Guía de aves de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires.

[52] Nogales, M., Vidal, E., Medina, F. M., Bonnaud, E., Tershy, B. R., Campbell, K. J., & Zavaleta, E. S. (2013). Feral cats and biodiversity conservation: The urgent prioritization of island management. BioScience, 63, 804-810.

[53] Nores, M. (1995). Insular biogeography of birds on mountain-tops in north western Argentina. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 61-70.

[54] Ocampo, D., & Londoño, G. A. (2015). Tropical montane birds have increased nesting success on small river islands. Auk, 132(1), 1-10.

[55] Parera, A., Schiavini, A., & Frere, E. (1997). Relevamiento ecológico de la Isla de los Estados: observaciones sobre su estado de conservación y sugerencias de manejo. Boletín Técnico Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, 38, 1-38.

[56] Patiño, J., Whittaker, R. J., Borges, P. A. V., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., Ah-Peng, C., Araújo, M. B., ... & Emerson, B. C. (2017). A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of The Theory of Island Biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 44(5), 963-983.

[57] Pereyra, P. J. (2019). Rethinking the native range concept. Conservation Biology, 34(2), 373-377.

[58] Polis, G. A., & Hurd, S. D. (1996). Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: Allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. American Naturalist, 147(3), 396-423.

[59] Poljak, S., Escobar, J., Deferrari, G., & Lizarralde, M. (2007). Un nuevo mamífero introducido en la Tierra del Fuego: El "peludo" Chaetophractus villosus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) en Isla Grande. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80(2), 285-294.

[60] Ponce, J. F., Rabassa, J., Coronato, A., & Borromei, A. M. (2011). Palaeogeographical evolution of the Atlantic coast of Pampa and Patagonia from the last glacial maximum to the Middle Holocene. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103(2), 363-379.

[61] Quiroga, D. R. A., Coronado, A., Scioscia, G., Raya-Rey, A., Schiavini, A., Santos-González, J., ... & Redondo-Vega, J. M. (2020). Erosive features caused by a Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 46(2), 477-496.

[62] Riebesell, J. F. (1982). Arctic-alpine plants on mountaintops: agreement with island biogeography theory (Adirondacks). American Naturalist, 119(5), 657-674.

[63] Rivera-Parra, J. L., Levenstein, K. M., Bednarz, J. C., Vargas, F. H., Carrión, V., & Parker, P. G. (2012). Implications of goat eradication on the survivorship of the Galapagos hawk. Journal of Wildlife Management, 76(6), 1197-1204.

[64] Rosenberg, G. H. (1990). Habitat specialization and foraging behavior by birds of Amazonian River islands in northeastern Peru. Condor, 92(2), 427-443.

[65] Santiago, F. (2012). Averaged diets: exploring the supra-regional zooarchaeological record in Tierra del Fuego. Revista del Museo de Antropología, 5(1), 225-238.

[66] Santiago, F., & Salemme, M. C. (2016). Guanaco hunting strategies in the northern plains of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 43, 110-127.

[67] Schlatter, R. P., & Vergara, P. (2005). Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) sap feeding and its role in the Tierra del Fuego forest bird assemblage. Journal of Ornithology, 146(2), 188-190.

[68] Schiavini, A., & Niekisch, M. (1998). Desarrollo y conservación de la Isla de los Estados (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Bonn.

[69] Schüttler, E., Cárcamo, J., & Rozzi, R. (2008). Diet of the American mink Mustela vison and its potential impact on the native fauna of Navarino Island, Cape Horn biosphere reserve, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 81(4), 585-598.

[70] Sérsic, A. N., & Cocucci, A. A. (1996). A remarkable case of ornithophily in Calceolaria: Food bodies as rewards for a non-nectarivorous bird. Botanica Acta, 109(2), 172-176.

[71] Simberloff, D., & Abele, L. G. (1982). Refuge design and island biogeographic theory: effects of fragmentation. American Naturalist, 120(1), 41-50.

[72] Sol, D. (2000). Are islands more susceptible to be invaded than continents? Birds say no. Ecography, 23(6), 687-692.

[73] Spatz, D. R., Newton, K. M., Heinz, R., Tershy, B., Holmes, N. D., Butchart, S. H. M., & Croll, D. A. (2014). The biogeography of globally threatened seabirds and island conservation opportunities. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1282-1290.

[74] Tella, J. L., Baños-Villalba, A., Hernandez-Brito, D., Rojas, A., Pacífico, E., Díaz-Luque, J. A., Carrete, M., Blanco, G., & Hiraldo, F. (2015). Parrots as overlooked seed dispersers. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13(6), 338-339.

[75] Thornton, I. W., Zann, R. A., Rawlinson, P. A., Tidemann, C. R., Adikerana, A. S., & Widjoya, A. H. (1988). Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by vertebrates: Equilibrium, succession, and possible delayed extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(2), 515-518.

[76] Traveset, A., Tur, C., Trøjelsgaard, K., Heleno, R., Castro-Urgal, R., & Olesen, J. M. (2016). Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(8), 880-890.

[77] Tyler, S. (2020). South Georgia Pipit (Anthus antarcticus). Version 1.0. en: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., & de Juana, E. (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.

[78] Udrizar Sauthier, D. E., Formoso, A. E., Cheli, G., & Pazos, G. (2017). Food habits of the magellanic horned owl (Bubo magellanicus) in a coastal island of Patagonia, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical, 28(3), 237-241.

[79] Valenzuela, A. E. J., Anderson, C. B., Fasola, L., & Cabello, J. L. (2014). Linking invasive exotic vertebrates and their ecosystem impacts in Tierra del Fuego to test theory and determine action. Acta Oecologica, 54(4), 110-118.

[80] Virkkala, R. (2006). Why study woodpeckers? The significance of woodpeckers in forest ecosystems. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43(1), 82-85.

[81] Vuilleumier, F. (1991). Especiación en aves de Fuego-Patagonia Chilena: Estudios preliminares. Anales Instituto de la Patagonia (Chile), 20(2), 83-88.

[82] Wallace, A. R. (1892). Island Life; or the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. Macmillan and Company, London.

[83] Whittaker, R. J., & Fernández-Palacios, J. M. (2007). Island biogeography: Ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[84] Wolfe, J. D., Stouffer, P. C., Mokross, K., Powell, L. L., & Anciães, M. M. (2015). Island vs. countryside biogeography: An examination of how Amazonian birds respond to forest clearing and fragmentation. Ecosphere, 6(1), 1-14.

[85] Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.