Optimización del uso de dispositivos GPS para estimar las áreas de uso y alimentación en aves marinas: el Cormorán Imperial como caso de estudio

Vera Gabelli-Suarez; Flavio Quintana; Agustina Gómez-Laich

doi:10.56178/eh.v41i1.1533

Articles Published 14 April 2026 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v41i1.1533

Optimizing the use of GPS devices to estimate home range and foraging areas in seabirds: The Imperial Shag as a case study

birds Global Positioning System GPS home range area IBAs sample size

Vera Gabelli-Suarez Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Flavio Quintana Laboratorio de Ecología de Predadores Tope Marinos (LEPTOMAR), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CONICET. Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

Agustina Gómez-Laich Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución & Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Abstract

Although GPS devices are widely used to delineate animal use areas, the sample size required to yield statistically robust estimates while minimizing animal welfare concerns is seldom assessed. In this study, we assessed how sample size (i.e., the number of individuals equipped with GPS devices) affects the accuracy of estimating both the total area of active use and the core foraging area of the Imperial Shag (Leucocarbo atriceps). We analyzed data from 140 breeding adults tracked over seven breeding seasons at Punta León (Chubut, Argentina). For each season, estimates of active use and core foraging areas were derived by progressively increasing the sample size from one to 20 individuals. Additionally, given sexual differences in foraging behavior, use and core foraging areas were estimated separately for females and males by progressively increasing sample sizes from one to 10 individuals per sex and year. On average, a minimum of 13 individuals was required to achieve < 5% increments in estimated area sizes. Tagging between 10 and 12 males and females was sufficient to estimate use and core foraging areas with an error below 5%. This study provides a straightforward approach to determine the minimum number of birds to tag, which can be adapted to other species with comparable movement patterns.

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References

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How to cite

Vera Gabelli-Suarez, Flavio Quintana, Agustina Gómez-Laich (2026). Optimizing the use of GPS devices to estimate home range and foraging areas in seabirds: The Imperial Shag as a case study. El Hornero, Vol. 41 No. 1 (2026), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v41i1.1533

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[1] Aickin M, Gensler H (1996) Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: The Bonferroni vs Holm methods. American Journal of Public Health 86(5):726-728. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.5.726

[2] Alberdi R, Erba DA (2022) Introducción a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) aplicados al catastro. Editorial Universidad Católica de Santa Fe, Santa Fe

[3] Anderson DR, Burnham KP (2002) Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. The Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3):912-918. https://doi.org/10.2307/3803155

[4] Arrondo E, Pérez-García JM (2025) Call for a critical review of widespread use of animal tracking devices. European Journal of Wildlife Research 71:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-025-01906-7

[5] Beal M, Oppel S, Handley J, Pearmain EJ, Morera-Pujol V, Carneiro APB, Davies TE, Phillips RA, Taylor PR, Miller MGR, Franco AMA,Catry I, Patrício AR, Regalla A, Staniland I, Boyd C, Catry P, Dias MP (2021) track2KBA: An R package for identifying important sites for biodiversity from tracking data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12(12):2372-2378. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13713

[6] BirdLife International (2009) Designing networks of marine protected areas: Exploring the linkages between Important Bird Areas and ecologically or biologically significant marine areas. BirdLife International, Cambridge UK

[7] Bishop CM, Butler PJ (1995) Physiological modelling of oxygen consumption in birds during flight. Journal of Experimental Biology 198(10):2153-2163. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.10.2153

[8] Blanco GS, Tonini MH, Gallo L, Dell’Omo G, Quintana F (2022) Tracking the exposure of a pelagic seabird to marine plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 180:113767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113767

[9] Bodey TW, Cleasby IR, Bell F, Parr N, Schultz A, Votier SC, Bearhop S (2018) A phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis of biologging device effects on birds: Deleterious effects and a call for more standardized reporting of study data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9(4):946-955. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12934

[10] Clark BL, Carneiro APB, Pearmain EJ, Rouyer MM, …, Dias MP (2023) Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. Nature Communications 14(1):3665. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38900-z

[11] Colwell RK, Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Lin S-Y, Mao CX, Chazdon RL, Longino JT (2012) Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of Plant Ecology 5(1):3-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr044

[12] Copello S, Blanco GS, Seco Pon JP, Quintana F, Favero M (2016) Exporting the problem: Issues with fishing closures in seabird conservation. Marine Policy 74:120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.008

[13] Copello S, Seco Pon JP, Favero M (2014) Spatial overlap of Black-browed albatrosses with longline and trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf during the non-breeding season. Journal of Sea Research 89:44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.02.006

[14] Copello S, Quintana F (2009) Spatio-temporal overlap between the at-sea distribution of Southern Giant Petrels and fisheries at the Patagonian Shelf. Polar Biology 32(8):1211-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0620-7

[15] Davoren GK, Montevecchi WA, Anderson JT (2003) Distributional patterns of a marine bird and its prey: habitat selection based on prey and conspecific behaviour. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256:229-242. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps256229

[16] Donald PF, Fishpool LDC, Ajagbe A, Bennun LA, Bunting G, Burfield IJ, Butchart SHM, Capellan S, Crosby MJ, Dias MP (2019) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): The development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conservation International 29(2):177-198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270918000102

[17] Eken G, Bennun L, Brooks TM, Darwall W, Fishpool LDC, Foster M, Knox D, Langhammer P, Matiku P, Radford E, Salaman P, Sechrest W, Smith ML, Spector S, Tordoff A (2004) Key Biodiversity Areas as Site Conservation Targets. BioScience 54(12):1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1110:KBAASC]2.0.CO;2

[18] Elliott KH, Bull RD, Gaston AJ, Davoren GK (2009) Underwater and above water search patterns of an Arctic seabird: Reduced searching at small spatiotemporal scales. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63:1773-1785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0801-y

[19] Fishpool LD, Evans MI (2001) Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Pisces Publications & BirdLife International, Newbury & Cambridge UK

[20] Frere E, Quintana F, Gandini P (2005) Cormoranes de la costa patagónica: Estado poblacional, ecología y conservación. Hornero 20(1):35-52. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v20i1.818

[21] Gómez-Laich A, Quintana F, Shepard ELC, Wilson RP (2012) Intersexual differences in the diving behaviour of Imperial Cormorants. Journal of Ornithology 153:139-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0714-1

[22] Gómez-Laich A, Wilson RP, Shepard ELC, Quintana F (2013) Energy expenditure and food consumption of foraging Imperial cormorants in Patagonia, Argentina. Marine Biology 160(7):1697-1707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2222-8

[23] Harris S, Raya Rey A, Phillips RA, Quintana F (2013) Sexual segregation in timing of foraging by imperial shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps): Is it always ladies first? Marine Biology 160:1249-1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2177-9

[24] Harris S, Raya Rey A, Zavalaga C, Quintana F (2014) Strong temporal consistency in the individual foraging behaviour of Imperial Shags Phalacrocorax atriceps. Ibis 156(3):523-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12159

[25] He P, Klarevas-Irby JA, Papageorgiou D, Christensen C, Strauss ED, Farine DR (2023) A guide to sampling design for GPS-based studies of animal societies. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 14(8):1887-1905. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13999

[26] Hebblewhite M, Haydon DT (2010) Distinguishing technology from biology: A critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 365(1550):2303-2312. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0087

[27] Ibarra C, Marinao C, Suárez N, Kasinsky T, Yorio P (2022) Patterns of sexual segregation in the use of trophic resources in breeding Imperial Cormorants. Marine Biology 169(12):154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04143-7

[28] Johnson KA, Goody RS (2011) The original Michaelis constant: Translation of the 1913 Michaelis–Menten paper. Biochemistry 50(39):8264-8269. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi201284u

[29] Kays R, Crofoot MC, Jetz W, Wikelski M (2015) Terrestrial animal tracking as an eye on life and planet. Science 348(6240):aaa2478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2478

[30] Kenward RE (2001) A manual for wildlife radio tagging. Academic press, San Diego

[31] Knezevic SZ, Streibig JC, Ritz C (2007) Utilizing R software package for dose- response studies: The concept and data analysis. Weed Technology 21(3):840-848. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-06-161.1

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