Palabras clave
aves silvestres
ecoepidemiología
Influenza Aviar
Cómo citar
Resumen
La Influenza Aviar Altamente Patógena se ha diseminado rápidamente desde 2003 en países de Asia, Europa y África, con serias consecuencias para la industria avícola, la salud pública y la salud de especies silvestres. El rol de las aves silvestres en el mantenimiento y dispersión geográfica de la enfermedad se mantiene incierto. Existe muy poca información sobre la presencia y la ecología de los virus de Influenza de tipo A en aves de América del Sur. En los últimos años, ocho subtipos virales no patógenos han sido aislados de aves acuáticas (Anseriformes y Charadriiformes) en Argentina, Perú, Chile y Brasil. Se desconocen los mecanismos involucrados en la perpetuación de tales virus, su potencial mutagénico hacia cepas patógenas y las consecuencias de su circulación en la región. Este trabajo resume los aspectos más sobresalientes de la información científica disponible sobre la ecoepidemiología de la Influenza Aviar que resultan de utilidad para comprender el impacto que esta enfermedad puede tener en la salud y en la conservación de la avifauna silvestre del Neotrópico.
Referencias
ABOLNIK C, CORNELIUS E, BISSCHOP SP, ROMITO M YVERWOERD D (2006) Phylogenetic analyses of genesfrom South African LPAI viruses isolated in 2004from wild aquatic birds suggests introduction byEurasian migrants. Developments in Biological Series124:189–199
ALERSTAM T, BÄCKMAN J, GUDMUNDSSON GA, HEDENS-TRÖM A, HENNINGSSON SS, KARLSSON H, ROSÉN M YSTRANDBERG R (2007) A polar system of inter-continental bird migration. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety B Biological Sciences 274:2523–2530
ALEXANDER DJ (2000) A review of avian influenza indifferent bird species. Veterinary Microbiology 74:3–13
ALEXANDER DJ Y BROWN IH (2009) History of highlypathogenic avian influenza. Revue Scientifique etTechnique 28:19–38
BELDOMENICO PM Y UHART M (2008) Ecoepidemio-logía de los virus de influenza aviar. FAVE, CienciasVeterinarias 7:23–40
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2006) Wild bird H5N1outbreaks. BirdLife International, Cambridge
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2007) BirdLife statement onAvian Influenza. BirdLife International, Cambridge(URL: http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/avian_flu/)
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008a) UplandGoose in South America factsheet. Wetlands Interna-tional, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008b) Black-necked Swan in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008c)Wilson’s Phalarope in South America factsheet. WetlandsInternational, Wildlife Conservation Society y USAgency for International Development, BuenosAires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008d) Grey-headed Gull in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008e)Speckled Teal in South America factsheet. WetlandsInternational, Wildlife Conservation Society y USAgency for International Development, BuenosAires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008f) RedShoveler in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008g) Yellow-billed Pintail in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008h)Southern Wigeon in South America factsheet. WetlandsInternational, Wildlife Conservation Society y USAgency for International Development, BuenosAires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008i) Rosy-billed Pochard in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008j) White-rumped Sandpiper in South America factsheet. WetlandsInternational, Wildlife Conservation Society y USAgency for International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008k) LesserYellowlegs in South America factsheet. Wetlands Inter-national, Wildlife Conservation Society y US Agencyfor International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008l) FulvousWhistling Duck in South America factsheet. WetlandsInternational, Wildlife Conservation Society y USAgency for International Development, Buenos Aires
BLANCO DE, BAIGÚN R Y LÓPEZ-LANÚS B (2008m)White-faced Whistling Duck in South America factsheet.Wetlands International, Wildlife ConservationSociety y US Agency for International Develop-ment, Buenos Aires
BOERE GC Y STROUD DA (2006) The flyway concept:what it is and what it isn’t. Pp. 40–47 en: BOERE GC,GALBRAITH CA Y STROUD DA (eds) Waterbirds aroundthe world. The Stationery Office, Edimburgo
BROWN JD, STALLKNECHT DE, BECK JR, SUÁREZ DL YSWAYNE DE (2006) Susceptibility of North Americanducks and gulls to H5N1 highly pathogenic avianinfluenza viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases12:1663–1670
CANEVARI P, CASTRO G, SALABERRY M Y NARANJO LG(2001) Guía de los chorlos y playeros de la RegiónNeotropical. American Bird Conservancy, WWF,Manomet Conservation Science y AsociaciónCalidris, Santiago de Cali
CAPUA I Y ALEXANDER DJ (2007) Avian influenzainfections in birds — a moving target. Influenza andOther Respiratory Viruses 1:11–18
CAPUA I Y ALEXANDER DJ (2009) Avian influenzainfection in birds: a challenge and opportunity forthe poultry veterinarian. Poultry Science 88:842–846
D’AMICO VL, BERTELLOTTI M, BAKER AJ Y DÍAZ LA(2007) Exposure of Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa)to select avian pathogens; Patagonia, Argentina.Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43:794–797
DELIBERTO TJ, SWAFFORD SR, NOLTE DL, PEDERSEN K,LUTMAN MW, SCHMIT BB, BAROCH JA, KOHLER DJ YFRANKLIN A (2009) Surveillance for highly patho-genic avian influenza in wild birds in the USA.Integrative Zoology 4:426–439
DE MARCO MA, CAMPITELLI L, FONI E, RAFFINI E,BARIGAZZI G, DELOGU M, GUBERTI V, DI TRANI L,TOLLIS M Y DONATELLI I (2004) Influenza surveillancein birds in Italian wetlands (1992–1998): is there a hostrestricted circulation of influenza viruses in sympatricducks and coots? Veterinary Microbiology 98:197–208
DE MARCO MA, FONI E, CAMPITELLI L, RAFFINI E,DELOGU M Y DONATELLI I (2003) Long-termmonitoring for avian influenza viruses in wildbird species in Italy. Veterinary Research Communications27(Suppl. 1):107–114
DÍAZ LA, KOMAR N, VISINTIN A, DANTUR JURI MJ, STEINM, LOBO ALLENDE R, SPINSANTI L, KONIGHEIM B,AGUILAR J, LAURITO M, ALMIRÓN W Y CONTIGIANI M(2008) West Nile Virus in birds, Argentina. EmergingInfectious Diseases 14:689–691
DÍAZ LA, QUAGLIA A, FLORES FS Y CONTIGIANI MS (2011)Virus West Nile en Argentina: un agente infecciosoemergente que plantea nuevos desafíos. Hornero26:5–28
DI GIACOMO AS, DE FRANCESCO MV Y COCONIER EG(2007) Áreas importantes para la conservación de las avesen Argentina. Sitios prioritarios para la conservación dela biodiversidad. Edición Revisada y Corregida. AvesArgentinas/Asociación Ornitológica del Plata,Buenos Aires
DIMMOCK NJ (2005) Report of the Independent Review ofAvian Quarantine. Department for EnvironmentFood and Rural Affairs, Londres
DONIS RO, BEAN WJ, KAWAOKA Y Y WEBSTER RG (1989)Distinct lineages of influenza virus H4 hem-agglutinin genes in different regions of the world.Virology 169:408–417
ELLIS TM, BOUSFIELD RB, BISSETT LA, DYRTING KC, LUKGS, TSIM ST, STURM-RAMÍREZ K, WEBSTER RG, GUANY Y PEIRIS JSM (2004) Investigation of outbreak ofhighly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza inwaterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002.Avian Pathology 33:492–505
ESCUDERO G, MUNSTER VJ Y BERTELLOTTI M (2008)Perpetuation of avian influenza in the Americas:examining the role of shorebirds in Patagonia. Auk125:494–495
EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY (2006) Scientificreport on migratory birds and their possible role inthe spread of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza.European Food Safety Authority Journal 357:1–46
FRIEND M Y FRANSON JC (1999) Field manual of wildlifediseases. General field procedures and diseases of birds.USDI-USGS Biological Resources Division Informa-tion and Technology Report 1999-001, Madison
GAIDET N, CATTOLI G, HAMMOUMI S, NEWMAN SH,HAGEMEIJER W, TAKEKAWA JY, CAPPELLE J, DODMAN T,JOANNIS T, GIL P, MONNE I, FUSARO A, CAPUA I, MANUS, MICHELONI P, OTTOSSON U, MSHELBWALA JH,LUBROTH J, DOMENECH J Y MONICAT F (2008) Evidenceof infection by H5N2 highly pathogenic avianinfluenza viruses in healthy wild waterfowl. PLoSPathogens 4:e1000127
GAUTHIER-CLERC M, LEBARBENCHON C Y THOMAS F(2007) Recent expansion of highly pathogenicavian influenza H5N1: a critical review. Ibis149:202–214
GHERSI BM, BLAZES DL, ICOCHEA E, GONZÁLEZ RI,KOCHEL T, TINOCO Y, SOVERO MM, LINDSTROM S, SHUB, KLIMOV A, GONZÁLEZ AE Y MONTGOMERY JM (2009)Avian influenza in wild birds, central coast of Peru.Emerging Infectious Diseases 15:935–938
GILBERT M, CHAITAWEESUB P, PARAKAMAWONGSA T,PREMASHTHIRA S, TIENSIN T, KALPRAVIDH W, WAGNERH Y SLINGENBERGH J (2006a) Free-grazing ducks andhighly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand.Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:227–234
GILBERT M, XIAO X, DOMENECH J, LUBROTH J, MARTINV Y SLINGENBERGH J (2006b) Anatidae migration inthe western Palearctic and spread of highlypathogenic avian influenza H5NI virus. EmergingInfectious Diseases 12:1650–1656
GUBERTI V, SCREMIN M, BUSANI L, BONFANTI L YTERREGINO C (2007) A simulation model for low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in dabblingducks in Europe. Avian Diseases 51:275–278
ITO T, OKAZAKI K, KAWAOKA Y, TAKADA A, WEBSTER RGY KIDA H (1995) Perpetuation of influenza A virusesin Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs. Archives of Virology140:1163–1172
JERIA LJ (2009) Vigilancia de aves silvestres en Chile.En: Taller Internacional de Vigilancia en Aves Silvestres:Herramienta Global contra la Influenza Aviar. Santiago,17 a 18 de junio de 2009. Servicio Agrícola y Ganade-ro, USDA Animal and Plant Health InspectionService y Wildlife Conservation Society, Santiago
KARESH WB, COOK RA, GILBERT M Y NEWCOMB J (2007)Implications of wildlife trade on the movement ofavian influenza and other infectious diseases.Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43:55–59
KARESH WB, UHART MM, FRERE E, GANDIDI P,BRASELTON E, PUCHE H Y COOK RA (1999) Healthevaluation of free-ranging Rockhopper Penguins(Eudyptes chrysocomes) in Argentina. Journal of Zooand Wildlife Medicine 30:25–31
KAWAOKA Y, CHAMBERS TM, SLADEN WL Y WEBSTER RG(1988) Is the gene pool of influenza viruses inshorebirds and gulls different from that in wildducks? Virology 163:247–250
KILPATRICK AM, CHMURA AA, GIBBONS DW,FLEISCHER RC, MARRA PP Y DASZAK P (2006)Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avianinfluenza. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 103:19368–19373
KOMAR N Y CLARCK GG (2006) West Nile virus activityin Latin America and the Caribbean. RevistaPanamericana de Salud Pública 19:112–117
KRAUSS S, OBERT CA, FRANKS J, WALKER D, JONES K,SEILER P, NILES L, PRYOR SP, OBENAUER JC, NAEVE CW,WIDJAJA L, WEBBY RJ Y WEBSTER RG (2007) Influenzain migratory birds and evidence of limited inter-continental virus exchange. PLoS Pathogens 3:e167
KRAUSS S, WALKER D, PRYOR SP, NILES L, CHENGHONGL, HINSHAW VS Y WEBSTER RG (2004) Influenza Aviruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in NorthAmerica. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 4:177–189
LEONG HK, GOH CS, CHEW ST, LIM CW, LIN YN, CHANGSF, YAP HH Y CHUA SB (2008) Prevention and controlof avian influenza in Singapore. Annals, Academy ofMedicine, Singapore 37:504–509
LESTERHUIS AJ Y BLANCO DE (2007) El Censo Neotropicalde Aves Acuáticas 2006. Una herramienta para la con-servación. Wetlands International, Buenos Aires
LIU JH, OKAZAKI K, BAI GR, SHI WM, MWEENE A Y KIDAH (2004) Interregional transmission of the internalprotein genes of H2 influenza virus in migratoryducks from North America to Eurasia. Virus Genes29:81–86
LIU J, XIAO H, LEI F, ZHU Q, QIN K, ZHANG XW, ZHANGXL, ZHAO D, WANG G, FENG Y, MA J, LIU W, WANG JY GAO GF (2005) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenzavirus infection in migratory birds. Science 309:1206
MAKAROVA NV, KAVERIN NV, KRAUSS S, SENNE D YWEBSTER RG (1999) Transmission of Eurasian avianH2 influenza virus to shorebirds in North America.Journal of General Virology 80:3167–3171
MUNSTER VJ, VEEN J, OLSEN B, VOGEL R, OSTERHAUSAD Y FOUCHIER RA (2006) Towards improvedinfluenza A virus surveillance in migrating birds.Vaccine 24:6729–6733
NAROSKY T E YZURIETA D (2003) Guía para la identifica-ción de las aves de Argentina y Uruguay. Edición deoro. Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires
OLSEN B, MUNSTER VJ, WALLENSTEN A, WALDENSTRÖMJ, OSTERHAUS AD Y FOUCHIER RA (2006) Globalpatterns of Influenza A virus in wild birds. Science312:384–388
OWEN J, MOORE F, PANELLA N, EDWARDS E, BRU R, HUGHESM Y KOMAR N (2006) Migrating birds as dispersalvehicles for West Nile virus. EcoHealth 3:79–85
PADILLA LR, HUYVAERT KP, MERKEL J, MILLER RE YPARKER PG (2003) Hematology, plasma chemistry,serology and Chlamydophila status of the WavedAlbatross (Phoebastria irrorata) on the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine34:278–283
PARMLEY J, LAIR S Y LEIGHTON FA (2009) Canada’s inter-agency wild bird influenza survey. IntegrativeZoology 4:409–417
PEREDA AJ, UHART M, PÉREZ AA, ZACCAGNINI ME, LASALA L, DECARRE J, GOIJMAN A, SOLARI L, SUÁREZ R,CRAIG MI, VAGNOZZI A, RIMONDI A, KÖNIG G, TERRERAMV, KALOGHLIAN A, SONG H, SORRELL EM Y PÉREZDR (2008) Avian influenza virus isolated in wildwaterfowl in Argentina: evidence of a potentiallyunique phylogenetic lineage in South America.Virology 378:363–370
PETERSON AT, BENZ BW Y PAPES M (2007) Highlypathogenic H5N1 avian influenza: entry pathwaysinto North America via bird migration. PLoS One2:e261
PITTMAN M, LADDOMADA A, FREIGOFAS R, PIAZZA V,BROUW A Y BROWN IH (2007) Surveillance,prevention, and disease management of avianinfluenza in the European Union. Journal of WildlifeDiseases 43:64–70R
APPOLE JH Y HUBÁLEK Z (2006) Birds and influenzaH5NI virus movement to and within NorthAmerica. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1486–1492
RASMUSSEN PC Y ANDERTON JC (2005) Birds of SouthAsia. Smithsonian Institution y Lynx Edicions,Washington DC y Barcelona
REBELO PESSAMILIO B Y URRUTHDO AMARAL F (2009)Sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica em avessilvestres no Brasil. En: Taller Internacional de Vigi-lancia en Aves Silvestres: Herramienta Global contra laInfluenza Aviar. Santiago, 17 a 18 de junio de 2009. Ser-vicio Agrícola y Ganadero, USDA Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service y Wildlife ConservationSociety, Santiago
REMSEN JV JR, CADENA CD, JARAMILLO A, NORES M,PACHECO JF, PÉREZ-EMÁN J, ROBBINS MB, STILES FG,STOTZ DF Y ZIMMER KJ (2011) A classification of thebird species of South America. American Ornitho-logists’ Union, Baton Rouge (URL: http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html)
ROBERTON SI, BELL DJ, SMITH GJ, NICHOLLS JM, CHANKH, NGUYEN DT, TRAN PQ, STREICHER U, POON LL,CHEN H, HORBY P, GUARDO M, GUAN Y Y PEIRIS JS(2006) Avian influenza H5N1 in viverrids: implicationsfor wildlife health and conservation. Proceedings ofthe Royal Society B Biological Sciences 273:1729–1732
SCOTT DA Y CARBONELL ML (1986) A directory ofNeotropical wetlands. International Union forConservation of Nature e International WaterfowlResearch Bureu, Gland y Cambridge
SCOTT DA Y ROSE PM (1996) Atlas of Anatidaepopulations in Africa and Western Eurasia. WetlandsInternational, Wageningen
SILVA RODRÍGUEZ MP, FAVERO M, BERÓN MP, MARIANO-JELICICH R Y MAUCO L (2005) Ecología y conserva-ción de aves marinas que utilizan el litoral bonae-rense como área de invernada. Hornero 20:111–130
SMITH KM, KARESH WB, MAJLUF P, PAREDES R, ZAVALAGAC, HOOGESTEIJN REUL A, STETTER M, BRASELTON WE,PUCHE H Y COOK RA (2008) Health evaluation offree-ranging Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscushumboldti) in Peru. Avian Diseases 52:130–135
SPACKMAN E, MCCRACKEN KG, WINKER K Y SWAYNEDE (2006) H7N3 avian influenza virus found in aSouth American wild duck is related to theChilean 2002 poultry outbreak, contains genesfrom equine and North American wild birdlineages, and is adapted to domestic turkeys.Journal of Virology 80:7760–7764
SPACKMAN E, STALLKNECHT DE, SLEMONS RD, WINKERK, SUÁREZ DL, SCOTT M Y SWAYNE DE (2005)Phylogenetic analyses of type A influenza genes innatural reservoir species in North America revealsgenetic variation. Virus Research 114:89–100
STURM-RAMÍREZ KM, HULSE-POST DJ, GOVORKOVA EA,HUMBERD J, SEILER P, PUTHAVATHANA P, BURANATHAIC, NGUYEN TD, CHAISINGH A, LONG HT, NAIPOSPOSTS, CHEN H, ELLIS TM, GUAN Y, PEIRIS JS Y WEBSTERRG (2005) Are ducks contributing to the endemicityof highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia?Journal of Virology 79:11269–11279
TERREGINO C, DE NARDI R, GUBERTI V, SCREMIN M,RAFFINI E, MARTIN AM, CATTOLI G, BONFANTI L Y CAPUAI (2007) Active surveillance for avian influenza virusesin wild birds and backyard flocks in Northern Italyduring 2004 to 2006. Avian Pathology 36:337–344
TRAVIS EK, VARGAS FH, MERKEL J, GOTTDENKER N,MILLER RE Y PARKER PG (2006a) Hematology, plasmachemistry and serology of the Flightless Cormorant(Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands,Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42:133–141
TRAVIS EK, VARGAS FH, MERKEL J, GOTTDENKER N,MILLER RE Y PARKER PG (2006b) Hematology, serumchemistry, and serology of Galapagos Penguins(Spheniscus mendiculus) in the Galápagos Islands,Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42:625–632
UHART MM, QUINTANA F, KARESH WB Y BRASELTON WE(2003) Hematology, plasma biochemistry andserosurvey for selected infectious agents inSouthern Giant Petrels from Patagonia, Argentina.Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:359–365
UNIÓN EUROPEA (2006) Decisión de la Comisión de 11de agosto de 2006 sobre determinadas medidas deprotección en relación con la gripe aviar altamentepatógena del subtipo H5N1 en aves silvestresdentro de la Comunidad y por la que se deroga laDecisión 2006/115/CE. Diario Oficial de la UniónEuropea L 222:11–19
VAN BORM S, THOMAS I, HANQUET G, LAMBRECHT B,BOSCHMANS M, DUPONT G, DECAESTECKER M,SNACKEN R YVA NDEN BERG T (2005) Highlypathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in smuggled Thaieagles, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases11:702–705
WALLER T (2009) Intercambio comercial de aves silvestresvivas (y otros desplazamientos afines) en 33 países deAmérica Latina y el Caribe. Organización de las Na-ciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación,Roma
WEBSTER RG, BEAN WJ, GORMAN OT, CHAMBERS TM YKAWAOKA Y (1992) Evolution and ecology ofInfluenza A virus. Microbiology and Molecular BiologyReviews 56:152–179
WELTY JC (1982) The life of birds. CBS CollagePublishing, Philadelphia
WIDJAJA L, KRAUSS SL, WEBBY RJ, XIE T Y WEBSTER RG(2004) Matrix gene of influenza A viruses isolatedfrom wild aquatic birds: ecology and emergence ofinfluenza A viruses. Journal of Virology 78:8771–8779
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2009) Cumulativenumber of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO. 11 August 2009. WorldHealth Organization, Ginebra (URL: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2009_08_11/en/index.html)WORLD ORGANISATIONFOR ANIMAL
HEALTH (2011a)Avian Influenza portal. World Organisation forAnimal Health, París (URL: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/web-portal-on-avian-influenza/)
WORLD ORGANISATIONFOR ANIMAL HEALTH (2011b)Exceptional epidemiological events. World Organisa-tion for Animal Health, París (URL: http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Countryinformation/Countryreports)
WORLD ORGANISATIONFOR ANIMAL HEALTH (2011c) Up-date on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in animals (typeH5 and H7). World Organisation for Animal Health,París (URL: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2011/)
ZHANG G, SHOHAM D, GILICHINSKY D, DAVYDOV S,CASTELLO JD Y ROGERS SO (2006) Evidence ofinfluenza A virus RNA in Siberian lake ice. Journalof Virology 80:12229–12235
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.