"Las aves están en el monte, no en el pueblo": Percepción comunitaria sobre la riqueza aviar asociada a los traspatios de Zacualpan, México

Rubén Ortega-Álvarez; Alejandro Casas

doi:10.56178/eh.v37i2.396

Artículos Publicado 01 diciembre 2022 https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.396

"Las aves están en el monte, no en el pueblo": Percepción comunitaria sobre la riqueza aviar asociada a los traspatios de Zacualpan, México

América Latina ecología urbana jardines nahuas pueblos originarios selva baja caducifolia

Rubén Ortega-Álvarez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES) - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, Col. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México | Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Dirección Regional Occidente, México

Alejandro Casas Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES) - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, Col. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México

Resumen

América Latina posee una elevada riqueza biocultural que está amenazada por la expansión industrial y urbana. Los estudios de ecología urbana se han centrado en las grandes urbes y pocos han considerado analizar aspectos socioculturales. Aquí analizamos desde una aproximación etnoecológica la percepción sobre la riqueza de especies de aves que visitan los traspatios en una comunidad nahua en Colima, México. Realizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas para indagar sobre el número de especies que la gente reconoce en sus traspatios. Adicionalmente, muestreamos aves y estimamos la riqueza específica asociada con estos sitios. Así, comparamos el número de especies que percibe la población local en los traspatios con respecto al estimado en los muestreos. La mayoría de la gente (61%) advierte una riqueza (1-10 especies) por debajo de las estimaciones realizadas (49 especies), mientras que 21% de la población no pone atención a las aves. No se identificaron diferencias de percepción entre mujeres y hombres. El conocimiento sesgado hacia especies grandes, diurnas, de interés cinegético, exóticas y explotadoras urbanas podría explicar en parte la baja riqueza percibida. El crecimiento urbano y los mecanismos de enseñanza descontextualizados podrían influir también en el bajo conocimiento local sobre estos animales. El desconocimiento sobre las aves en los asentamientos humanos no es exclusivo de grandes urbes o de comunidades mestizas, sino también puede ser un rasgo de comunidades pequeñas y originarias, como lo ilustra este estudio de caso. Los traspatios son espacios de encuentro, aprendizaje y recreación, y podrían emplearse para acercar a la gente con sus aves.

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Referencias

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Babai D y Molnár Z (2016) Species-rich mountain grasslands through the eyes of the farmer: flora, species composition, and extensive grassland management. Martor 21:147–169
Baxin Beltrán C, Baxin Salazar F, Málaga Temich B, Medina Mena I, Atanacio López M, Flores Gutiérrez M, Lozada Ronquillo MP, Calderón-Parra R y Ortega-Álvarez R (2020) Community-based monitoring for the Tuxtla Quail-Dove Zentrygon carrikeri: a contribution to the natural history of an elusive, endangered and micro-endemic species of Mexico. Ornithological Science 19:87–92
Berkes F (1999) Sacred Ecology. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia and London, UK
Berkes F, Colding J y Folke C (2000) Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10:1251–1262
Berlanga H, Gómez de Silva H, Vargas- Canales VM, Rodríguez-Contreras V, Sánchez-González LA, Ortega-Álvarez R y Calderón-Parra R (2015). Aves de México: Lista Actualizada de Especies y Nombres Comunes. CONABIO, México
Bibby C, Burgess N, Hill D y Mustoe S (2000) Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, Great Britain
Bonier F (2012) Hormones in the city: Endocrine ecology of urban birds. Hormones and Behavior 61:763–772
Burnett RD, Gardali T y Geupel GR (2005) Using Songbird Monitoring to Guide and Evaluate Riparian Restoration in Salmonid-focused Stream Rehabilitation Projects. US Forest Service General Technical Report, USA
Celis-Diez JL, Muñoz CE, Abades S, Marquet PA y Armesto JJ (2017) Biocultural homogenization in urban settings: public knowledge of birds in city parks of Santiago, Chile. Sustainability 9:485
Chambers SA (2008) Birds as Environmental Indicators: Review of Literature. Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 55, Melbourne
Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Hsieh TC, Sander EL, Ma KH, Colwell RK y Ellison AM (2014) Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84:45–67
Chinlampianga M, Singh RK y Shukla AC (2013) Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: Empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 12:18–30
Clamsen Mmassy E y Røskaft E (2013) Knowledge of birds of conservation interest among the people living close to protected areas in Serengeti, Northern Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management 9:114–122
Cox DTC y Gaston KJ (2015) Likeability of garden birds: Importance of species knowledge and richness in connecting people to nature. PLoS ONE 10:1–14
Duchelle AE (2007) Observations on natural resource use and conservation by the Shuar in Ecuador’s Cordillera del Cóndor. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5:5–23
Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J, Güneralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI, Parnell S, Schewenius M, Sendstad M, Seto KC y Wilkinson C (2013) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities. Springer, New York
Frake CO (1962) Cultural ecology and ethnography. American Anthropologist 64:53–59
Gardali T, Holmes AL, Small SL, Nur N, Geupel GR y Golet GH (2006) Abundance patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forest on the Sacramento River, California, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 14:391–403
Hernandez-Stefanoni JL, Bello Pineda J y Valdes-Valadez G (2006) Comparing the use of indigenous knowledge with classification and ordination techniques for assessing the species composition and structure of vegetation in a tropical forest. Environmental Management 37:686–702
Hoyle H, Jorgensen A y Hitchmough JD (2019) What determines how we see nature? Perceptions of naturalness in designed urban green spaces. People and Nature 1:167–180
Hsieh TC, Ma KH y Chao A (2016) iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451–1456
Jenkins CN, Pimm SL y Joppa LN (2013) Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:E2602-10
Jernigan K y Dauphiné N (2008) Aguaruna knowledge of bird foraging ecology: a comparison with scientific data. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 6:93–106
Lira R, Casas A, Rosas-López R, Paredes-Flores M, Pérez-Negrón E, Rangel-Landa S, Solís L, Torres I y Dávila P (2009) Traditional knowledge and useful plant richness in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan, Mexico. Economic Botany 63:271–287
Lorimer J (2007) Nonhuman charisma. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25:911–932
Maffi L (2005) Linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:500–617
Maffi L (2012) Biocultural Diversity Conservation. Earthscan, London
Miller AM y Doolittle E (2017) Rarámuri bird knowledge and environmental change in the Sierra Tarahumara, Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 37:663–681
Ogden LA, Hall B y Tanita K (2013) Animals, plants, people, and things: a review of multispecies ethnography. Environment and Society 4:5–24
Ortega-Álvarez R y Casas A (2022) The feeding landscape: bird and human use of food resources across a biocultural landscape of the Colombian Andes. Sustainability 14:4789
Ortega-Álvarez R, Pacheco-Flores A y Casas A (2022) The “Guamúchil” cultivation in a Mexican cultural landscape: a wild food source for people and birds. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5:1020207
Ortega-Álvarez R, Sánchez-González LA y Berlanga H (2015) Plumas de Multitudes, Integración Comunitaria en el Estudio y Monitoreo de Aves en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Distrito Federal, México
Perezgrovas Garza RA, Camacho Escobar MA y Juárez Caratachea A (2020) El Guajolote Nativo de México: Estudios rcientes y perspectivas. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Red Mexicana sobre Conservación y Utilización de los Recursos Zoogenéticos, A.C., México
Phillips D y Lindquist M (2021) Just weeds? Comparing assessed and perceived biodiversity of urban spontaneous vegetation in informal greenspaces in the context of two American legacy cities. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 62:127151
Pilgrim SE, Cullen LC, Smith DJ y Pretty J (2008) Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environmental Science and Technology 42:1004–1009
Pitman NCA, Pinedo Cecilio M, Pinedo Pudicho M, Graham JG, Núñez V. MP, Valenzuela M y Terborgh JW (2011) Indigenous perceptions of tree species abundance across an upper Amazonian landscape. Journal of Ethnobiology 31:233–243
R Core Team (2020) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
Ralph CJ, Geupel GR, Pyle P, Martin TE, Desante DF, Milá B, John C, Geoffrey R, Thomas E y David F (1996) Manual de Métodos de Campo para el Monitoreo de Aves Terrestres. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 159. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
Robinson BS, Inger R y Gaston KJ (2016) A rose by any other name: plant identification knowledge and socio-demographics. PLoS ONE 11:1–13
Santos F das CV, Souto WMS, Ribeiro ASN, de Lucena RFP y Guzzi A (2020) Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil. Acta Scientiarum - Biological Sciences 42:e47722
Sekercioglu CH (2006) Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:464–471
Semarnat (2010) Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección Ambiental – Especies nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestres – Categorías de Riesgo y Especificaciones para su Inclusión, Exclusión o Cambio – Lista de Especies en Riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 30 de diciembre de 2010, Segunda Sección, México, Distrito Federal
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Shen X, Li S, Chen N, Li S, McShea WJ y Lu Z (2012) Does science replace traditions? Correlates between traditional Tibetan culture and local bird diversity in Southwest China. Biological Conservation 145:160–170
Silva-Andrade HL, De Andrade LP, Muniz LS, Telino WR, Albuquerque UP y Lyra-Neves RM (2016) Do farmers using conventional and non-conventional systems of agriculture have different perceptions of the diversity of wild birds? Implications for conservation. PLoS ONE 11:1–18
Tidemann S y Gosler AG (2010) Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society. Earthscan, UK
Toledo VM (2002) Ethnoecology: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge of Nature. En: Stepp JR et al. (eds) Ethnobiology and Biocultural Diversity. International Society of Ethnobiology, Georgia
Toledo VM y Barrera-Bassols N (2008). La Memoria Biocultural. La Importancia Ecológica de las Sabidurías Tradicionales. Icaria Editorial, Barcelona
UN-Habitat (2012) State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Kenia
Uprety Y, Asselin H, Bergeron Y, Doyon F y Boucher JF (2012) Contribution of traditional knowledge to ecological restoration: Practices and applications. Ecoscience 19:225–237
Vásquez-Dávila MA y Lope-Alzina D (2012) Aves y Huertos de México. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Carteles Editores, México
Vieyra J, Castillo A, Losada H, Cortés J, Alonso G, Ruiz T, Hernández P, Zamudio A y Acevedo A (2004) La participación de la mujer en la producción traspatio y sus beneficios tangibles e intangibles. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural 53:9–23
Ziembicki MR, Woinarski JCZ y Mackey B (2013) Evaluating the status of species using Indigenous knowledge: Novel evidence for major native mammal declines in northern Australia. Biological Conservation 157:78–92

Cómo citar

Rubén Ortega-Álvarez, Alejandro Casas (2022). "Las aves están en el monte, no en el pueblo": Percepción comunitaria sobre la riqueza aviar asociada a los traspatios de Zacualpan, México. El Hornero, Vol. 37 Núm. 2 (2022), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.396

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[1] Acharya BK, Chettri B y Vijayan L (2009) Indigenous knowledge of Lepcha community for monitoring and conservation of birds. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8:65–69

[2] Babai D y Molnár Z (2016) Species-rich mountain grasslands through the eyes of the farmer: flora, species composition, and extensive grassland management. Martor 21:147–169

[3] Baxin Beltrán C, Baxin Salazar F, Málaga Temich B, Medina Mena I, Atanacio López M, Flores Gutiérrez M, Lozada Ronquillo MP, Calderón-Parra R y Ortega-Álvarez R (2020) Community-based monitoring for the Tuxtla Quail-Dove Zentrygon carrikeri: a contribution to the natural history of an elusive, endangered and micro-endemic species of Mexico. Ornithological Science 19:87–92

[4] Berkes F (1999) Sacred Ecology. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia and London, UK

[5] Berkes F, Colding J y Folke C (2000) Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10:1251–1262

[6] Berlanga H, Gómez de Silva H, Vargas- Canales VM, Rodríguez-Contreras V, Sánchez-González LA, Ortega-Álvarez R y Calderón-Parra R (2015). Aves de México: Lista Actualizada de Especies y Nombres Comunes. CONABIO, México

[7] Bibby C, Burgess N, Hill D y Mustoe S (2000) Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, Great Britain

[8] Bonier F (2012) Hormones in the city: Endocrine ecology of urban birds. Hormones and Behavior 61:763–772

[9] Burnett RD, Gardali T y Geupel GR (2005) Using Songbird Monitoring to Guide and Evaluate Riparian Restoration in Salmonid-focused Stream Rehabilitation Projects. US Forest Service General Technical Report, USA

[10] Celis-Diez JL, Muñoz CE, Abades S, Marquet PA y Armesto JJ (2017) Biocultural homogenization in urban settings: public knowledge of birds in city parks of Santiago, Chile. Sustainability 9:485

[11] Chambers SA (2008) Birds as Environmental Indicators: Review of Literature. Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 55, Melbourne

[12] Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Hsieh TC, Sander EL, Ma KH, Colwell RK y Ellison AM (2014) Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84:45–67

[13] Chinlampianga M, Singh RK y Shukla AC (2013) Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: Empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 12:18–30

[14] Clamsen Mmassy E y Røskaft E (2013) Knowledge of birds of conservation interest among the people living close to protected areas in Serengeti, Northern Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management 9:114–122

[15] Cox DTC y Gaston KJ (2015) Likeability of garden birds: Importance of species knowledge and richness in connecting people to nature. PLoS ONE 10:1–14

[16] Duchelle AE (2007) Observations on natural resource use and conservation by the Shuar in Ecuador’s Cordillera del Cóndor. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5:5–23

[17] Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J, Güneralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI, Parnell S, Schewenius M, Sendstad M, Seto KC y Wilkinson C (2013) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities. Springer, New York

[18] Frake CO (1962) Cultural ecology and ethnography. American Anthropologist 64:53–59

[19] Gardali T, Holmes AL, Small SL, Nur N, Geupel GR y Golet GH (2006) Abundance patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forest on the Sacramento River, California, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 14:391–403

[20] Hernandez-Stefanoni JL, Bello Pineda J y Valdes-Valadez G (2006) Comparing the use of indigenous knowledge with classification and ordination techniques for assessing the species composition and structure of vegetation in a tropical forest. Environmental Management 37:686–702

[21] Hoyle H, Jorgensen A y Hitchmough JD (2019) What determines how we see nature? Perceptions of naturalness in designed urban green spaces. People and Nature 1:167–180

[22] Hsieh TC, Ma KH y Chao A (2016) iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451–1456

[23] Jenkins CN, Pimm SL y Joppa LN (2013) Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:E2602-10

[24] Jernigan K y Dauphiné N (2008) Aguaruna knowledge of bird foraging ecology: a comparison with scientific data. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 6:93–106

[25] Lira R, Casas A, Rosas-López R, Paredes-Flores M, Pérez-Negrón E, Rangel-Landa S, Solís L, Torres I y Dávila P (2009) Traditional knowledge and useful plant richness in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan, Mexico. Economic Botany 63:271–287

[26] Lorimer J (2007) Nonhuman charisma. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25:911–932

[27] Maffi L (2005) Linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:500–617

[28] Maffi L (2012) Biocultural Diversity Conservation. Earthscan, London

[29] Miller AM y Doolittle E (2017) Rarámuri bird knowledge and environmental change in the Sierra Tarahumara, Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 37:663–681

[30] Ogden LA, Hall B y Tanita K (2013) Animals, plants, people, and things: a review of multispecies ethnography. Environment and Society 4:5–24

[31] Ortega-Álvarez R y Casas A (2022) The feeding landscape: bird and human use of food resources across a biocultural landscape of the Colombian Andes. Sustainability 14:4789

[32] Ortega-Álvarez R, Pacheco-Flores A y Casas A (2022) The “Guamúchil” cultivation in a Mexican cultural landscape: a wild food source for people and birds. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5:1020207

[33] Ortega-Álvarez R, Sánchez-González LA y Berlanga H (2015) Plumas de Multitudes, Integración Comunitaria en el Estudio y Monitoreo de Aves en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Distrito Federal, México

[34] Perezgrovas Garza RA, Camacho Escobar MA y Juárez Caratachea A (2020) El Guajolote Nativo de México: Estudios rcientes y perspectivas. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Red Mexicana sobre Conservación y Utilización de los Recursos Zoogenéticos, A.C., México

[35] Phillips D y Lindquist M (2021) Just weeds? Comparing assessed and perceived biodiversity of urban spontaneous vegetation in informal greenspaces in the context of two American legacy cities. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 62:127151

[36] Pilgrim SE, Cullen LC, Smith DJ y Pretty J (2008) Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environmental Science and Technology 42:1004–1009

[37] Pitman NCA, Pinedo Cecilio M, Pinedo Pudicho M, Graham JG, Núñez V. MP, Valenzuela M y Terborgh JW (2011) Indigenous perceptions of tree species abundance across an upper Amazonian landscape. Journal of Ethnobiology 31:233–243

[38] R Core Team (2020) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

[39] Ralph CJ, Geupel GR, Pyle P, Martin TE, Desante DF, Milá B, John C, Geoffrey R, Thomas E y David F (1996) Manual de Métodos de Campo para el Monitoreo de Aves Terrestres. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 159. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California

[40] Robinson BS, Inger R y Gaston KJ (2016) A rose by any other name: plant identification knowledge and socio-demographics. PLoS ONE 11:1–13

[41] Santos F das CV, Souto WMS, Ribeiro ASN, de Lucena RFP y Guzzi A (2020) Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil. Acta Scientiarum - Biological Sciences 42:e47722

[42] Sekercioglu CH (2006) Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:464–471

[43] Semarnat (2010) Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección Ambiental – Especies nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestres – Categorías de Riesgo y Especificaciones para su Inclusión, Exclusión o Cambio – Lista de Especies en Riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 30 de diciembre de 2010, Segunda Sección, México, Distrito Federal

[44] Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E y Du Toit MJ (2021) Urban Ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, Switzerland

[45] Shen X, Li S, Chen N, Li S, McShea WJ y Lu Z (2012) Does science replace traditions? Correlates between traditional Tibetan culture and local bird diversity in Southwest China. Biological Conservation 145:160–170

[46] Silva-Andrade HL, De Andrade LP, Muniz LS, Telino WR, Albuquerque UP y Lyra-Neves RM (2016) Do farmers using conventional and non-conventional systems of agriculture have different perceptions of the diversity of wild birds? Implications for conservation. PLoS ONE 11:1–18

[47] Tidemann S y Gosler AG (2010) Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society. Earthscan, UK

[48] Toledo VM (2002) Ethnoecology: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge of Nature. En: Stepp JR et al. (eds) Ethnobiology and Biocultural Diversity. International Society of Ethnobiology, Georgia

[49] Toledo VM y Barrera-Bassols N (2008). La Memoria Biocultural. La Importancia Ecológica de las Sabidurías Tradicionales. Icaria Editorial, Barcelona

[50] UN-Habitat (2012) State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Kenia

[51] Uprety Y, Asselin H, Bergeron Y, Doyon F y Boucher JF (2012) Contribution of traditional knowledge to ecological restoration: Practices and applications. Ecoscience 19:225–237

[52] Vásquez-Dávila MA y Lope-Alzina D (2012) Aves y Huertos de México. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Carteles Editores, México

[53] Vieyra J, Castillo A, Losada H, Cortés J, Alonso G, Ruiz T, Hernández P, Zamudio A y Acevedo A (2004) La participación de la mujer en la producción traspatio y sus beneficios tangibles e intangibles. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural 53:9–23

[54] Ziembicki MR, Woinarski JCZ y Mackey B (2013) Evaluating the status of species using Indigenous knowledge: Novel evidence for major native mammal declines in northern Australia. Biological Conservation 157:78–92