Palabras clave
bioacústica
conservación
ecología urbana
herramienta de investigación
monitoreo acústico pasivo
paisaje sonoro
tecnología
Cómo citar
Resumen
Una de las principales maneras de comunicarse de las aves, a través de la emisión de sonidos o vocalizaciones, puede verse afectada por los sonidos derivados de las actividades antrópicas. Estos disturbios (ruidos) interfieren en la comunicación pudiendo afectar la identificación de pares, los procesos reproductivos, la defensa de los territorios e, incluso, la composición y diversidad de las comunidades de aves. Las urbanizaciones son fuente de alta emisión de ruidos antropogénicos y constituyen ambientes sonoros complejos para las aves. La bioacústica, a través del monitoreo acústico pasivo (MAP), es una de las herramientas en auge y con numerosas ventajas que resultan particularmente útiles en estudios de ecología urbana. El MAP es un método no invasivo y eficiente que permite obtener información de forma autónoma, continua, simultánea y en diversas condiciones ambientales. A pesar de esto, resulta una herramienta aún poco explotada en los países del Neotrópico. Realizamos una descripción metodológica mostrando las potencialidades del MAP en investigaciones de aves y, particularmente en aquellas que ocurren en ambientes urbanos y/o peri-urbanos. Para esto realizamos una revisión no sistemática de la bibliografía existente, resumiendo nociones básicas del sonido y su proceso de grabación, opciones de micrófonos y grabadores asociados al MAP, diseños de muestreo, programas de análisis e índices acústicos. También, presentamos ejemplos de estudios nuestros sobre el MAP en ambientes urbanos de la Patagonia. Resaltamos el valor de esta herramienta de estudio para investigaciones a largo plazo, en sitios complejos de estudiar, para programas de monitoreo y proyectos de conservación.
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