Palabras clave
origen
evolución
Mesozoico
Cómo citar
Resumen
Desde el inicio del pensamiento evolutivo, el origen de las aves ha constituido uno de los problemas más polémicos de la biología evolutiva. En la actualidad, un gran cúmulo de evidencia indica que dicho problema se encuentra de gran manera resuelto. La evidencia osteológica, oológica, etológica y tegumentaria sustenta fuertemente la hipótesis que las aves descienden de dinosaurios terópodos, en particular a partir de formas clasificadas dentro de Maniraptora. Los contados investigadores que hoy en día se oponen a dicha hipótesis han sustentado sus críticas en observaciones erróneas o dentro de un marco teórico obsoleto. Este trabajo ofrece una breve discusión tanto de las principales líneas de evidencia en sustento de esta hipótesis filogenética como de los argumentos utilizados en su contra.
Referencias
WITMER LM (1991) Perspectives on avian origins. Pp.427ñ466 en: SCHULTZE H-P Y TRUEB L (eds) Origins ofthe higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consen-sus. Cornell University Press, Ithaca2
WITMER LM (2002) The debate on avian ancestry:phylogeny, function, and fossils. Pp. 3ñ30 en:CHIAPPE LM Y WITMER LM (eds) Mesozoic birds: abovethe heads of dinosaurs. University of California Press,Berkeley3
PADIAN K Y CHIAPPE LM (1998) The origin and earlyevolution of birds. Biological Reviews 73:1ñ42.4
CHIAPPE LM (2001) The rise of birds. Pp. 102ñ106 en:BRIGGS DEC Y CROWTHER PR (eds.) Paleobiology II.Blackwell Science, Oxford5
GAUTHIER JA Y GALL LF (2001) New perspectives on theorigin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of theinternational symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom.Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univer-sity, New Haven6
CHIAPPE LM Y WITMER LM (2002) Mesozoic birds: abovethe heads of dinosaurs. University of California Press,Berkeley7
CHIAPPE LM Y DYKE G (2002) The mesozoic radia-tion of birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemat-ics 33:91ñ1248
NOVAS FE Y PUERTA P (1997) New evidence concern-ing avian origins from the Late Cretaceous ofPatagonia. Nature 387:390ñ3929
HOLTZ TR JR (1998) A new phylogeny of the car-nivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15:5ñ6110
SERENO PC (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs. Sci-ence 284:2137ñ214711
CLARK JM, NORELL MA Y MAKOVICKY PJ (2002) Cladis-tic approaches to bird origins. Pp. 31ñ61 en: CHIAPPELM Y WITMER LM (eds) Mesozoic birds: above the heads ofdinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley12
MIKHAILOV KE (1997) Fossil and recent eggshell inamniotic vertebrates: fine structure, comparativemorphology and classification. Special Papers inPalaeontology 56:1ñ8013
CARPENTER K (1999) Eggs, nests, and baby dinosaurs.Indiana University Press, Bloomington14
NORELL MA, CLARK JM, DASHZEVEG D, BARSBOLD RY CHIAPPE LM (1994) A theropod dinosaur embryo,and the affinities of the flaming cliffs dinosaur eggs.Science 266:779ñ78215
CLARK JM, NORELL MA Y CHIAPPE LM (1999) Anoviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous ofUkhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-likebrooding position over an oviraptorid nest. Ameri-can Museum Novitates 3265:1ñ3616
VARRICCHIO DJ, HORNER JR Y JACKSON FD (2002)Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropodTroodon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology22:564ñ57617
GRELLET-TINNER G Y CHIAPPE LM (en prensa) Dino-saur eggs and nesting: implications for understand-ing the origin of birds. En: BAKKER RT Y CURRIE PJ(eds) Symposium on the origin of birds. Indiana Uni-versity Press, Bloomington18
CLARK JM, NORELL MA Y BARSBOLD R (2001) Twonew oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria),Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, UkhaaTolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology21:209ñ21319
OSBORN HF (1924) Three new Theropoda,Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. AmericanMuseum Novitates 144:1ñ1220
NORELL MA, CLARK JM, CHIAPPE LM Y DASHZEVEGD (1995) A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378:774ñ77621
VARRICCHIO DJ, JACKSON F, BORKOWSKI J Y HORNERJR (1997) Nest and egg clutches of the dinosaurTroodon formosus and the evolution of avian repro-ductive traits. Nature 385:247ñ250
ZHOU Z, BARRETT PM Y HILTON J (2003) An excep-tional preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Na-ture 421:807ñ81423
PADIAN K, DE RICQL»S AJ Y HORNER JR (2001) Dino-saurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature412:405ñ40824
CHEN PJ, DONG Z-M Y ZHEN S-N (1998) An excep-tionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from theYixian Formation of China. Nature 391:147ñ15225
XU X, WANG X Y WU X (1999) A dromaeosaur dino-saur with filamentous integument from the YixianFormation of China. Nature 401:262ñ26626
JI Q, CURRIE P, NORELL MA Y JI S-A (1998) Two feath-ered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature393:753ñ76127
ZHOU Z Y WANG X (2000) A new species ofCaudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning,northeast China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 38:111ñ12728
XU X, ZHOU Z Y WANG X (2000). The smallest knownnon-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature 408:705ñ70829
XU X, ZHOU Z, WANG X, KUANG X, ZHANG F Y DU X(2003) Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature421:335ñ34030
NORELL MA, CLARK JM Y MAKOVICKY PJ (2001) Phy-logenetic relationships among coelurosauriantheropods. Pp. 49ñ68 en: GAUTHIER JA Y GALL LF(eds) New perspectives on the origin and early evolu-tion of birds: proceedings of the international symposiumin honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum ofNatural History, Yale University, New Haven31
FEDUCCIA A Y TORDOFF HB (1979) Feathers of Ar-chaeopteryx: asymetric vanes indicate aerodynamicfunction. Science 203:1021ñ102232
FEDUCCIA A (1996) The origin and evolution of birds.Yale University Press, New Haven33
JENSEN JA Y PADIAN K (1989) Small pterosaurs anddinosaurs from the Uncompahgre fauna (BrushyBasin Member, Morrison Formation: ?Tithonian),Late Jurassic, Western Colorado. Journal of Paleon-tology 63:364ñ37334
XU X, ZHAO Z Y CLARK JM (2001) A new therizinosaurfrom the Lower Jurassic lower Lufeng Formationof Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology21:477ñ48335
FEDUCCIA A Y NOWICKI J (2002) The hand of birdsrevealed by early ostrich embryos. Naturwissenschaften89:391ñ39336
LARSSON HC Y WAGNER GP (2002) Pentadactylground state of the avian wing. Journal of Experi-mental Zoology 294:146ñ15137
BURKE AC Y FEDUCCIA A (1997) Developmental pat-terns and the identification of homologies in theavian hand. Science 278:666ñ66838 FEDUCCIA A (1999) The origin and evolution of birds.Second edition. Yale University Press, New Haven39
OSTROM JH (1976) Archaeopteryx and the originof birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society8:91ñ18240
WAGNER GP Y GAUTHIER JA (1999) 1, 2, 3 = 2, 3, 4:a solution to the problem of homology of the dig-its of the avian hand. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America96:5111ñ511641
SHAPIRO MD (2002) Developmental morphology oflimb reduction in Hemiergis (Squamata: Scincidae):chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and heterochrony.Journal of Morphology 254:211ñ23142
DAHN RD Y FALLON JF (2000) Interdigital regulationof digit identity and homeotic transformation bymodulated BMP signaling. Science 289:438ñ44143
GALIS F, KUNDR¡T M Y SINERVO B (2003) An old con-troversy solved: bird embryos have five fingers.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:7ñ944
WAGNER GP Y MISOF Y (1993) How can a characterbe developmentally constrained despite variationin developmental pathways? Journal of Evolution-ary Biology 6:449ñ45545
MABEE PM (2000) The usefulness of ontogeny ininterpreting morphological characters. Pp. 84ñ114en: WIENS JJ (ed) Phylogenetic analysis of morphologi-cal data. Smithsonian Institution Press, WashingtonDC46
RUBEN JA, JONES TD, GEIST NR Y HILLENIUS WJ (1997)Lung structure and ventilation in theropod dino-saurs and early birds. Science 278:1267ñ127047
CURRIE PJ Y CHEN P-J (2001) Anatomy of Sinosauropteryxprima from Liaoning, northeastern China. CanadianJournal of Earth Science 38:1705ñ1727
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.